Water- and solvent-based ex situ
extraction processes have been
employed to extract bitumen from mineable oil sands. On the other
hand, bitumen is recovered in situ from deeper deposits most efficiently
by injecting steam to reduce viscosity and increasing production flow
to the surface. However, the water-based process with or without solvent
(including steam injection) is not sustainable due to various challenges
including water requirement and treatment, high energy consumption,
and related environmental pollution problems emanating from high volatility
of solvents. Ionic liquids (ILs) have become desirable in several
industrial applications due to many unique properties including low
volatility compared with traditional organic solvents. The potential
for application of ILs for bitumen extraction is reviewed in this
work, with a focus on the mechanistic aspect. Depending on the properties
and/or functionality, the ILs can be used in bitumen extraction (with
or without organic solvents) with minimal clay fines contamination
and lower water and energy requirements. In the solvent-assisted IL
recovery system, the IL–clay interaction is responsible for
reducing the adhesive force between bitumen and the sand, which subsequently
facilitates separation. Conversely, considering the types of ILs explored
in the absence of solvent, the IL–bitumen interaction plays
an additional role. Hitherto, applications of ILs in bitumen recovery
are at a very preliminary stage. Apart from understanding the mechanisms,
the major impediment lies in the high cost and environmental impact
due to toxicity. Therefore, to make ILs more attractive for bitumen
recovery, concerted efforts should be intensified to reduce the cost
of producing ILs, ameliorate environmental impacts, and facilitate
field scale applications through technoeconomic analysis of the process.