“…The parameters associated with the Chern diffusion factor for neat UP and UP/10 A are provided in Danaei et al. 13 Table 3 presents these parameters for UP/30B system.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The parameters associated with the Sbirrazzuoli diffusion factor for neat UP and UP/10 A are provided in Danaei et al. 13 Table 4 presents these parameters for UP/30B system. Figure 8.Optimized cure cycles for neat UP system obtained from Kamal–Chern model and Kamal model considering Sbirrazzuoli diffusion factor (Kamal–Sbirrazzuoli model).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…7,8,11,12 In addition, study of effect of the diffusion phenomenon in the curing process of UP-resin containing nanoparticles is in its initial stages. 13…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…7,8,11,12 In addition, study of effect of the diffusion phenomenon in the curing process of UP-resin containing nanoparticles is in its initial stages. 13 In this paper, in the 'Background' section, advanced iso-conversional method along with the Kamal method -the two common methods of analysis of curing kinetics -is introduced in brief. Furthermore, the Chern diffusion factor and Sbirrazzuoli diffusion factor which are a couple of methods to correct the reaction rate predicted by the Kamal model are studied.…”
In this research, a method has been presented for optimizing cure cycle of neat unsaturated polyester resin and polyester resin containing 3 wt% nanoclay Cloisite® 10 A (UP/10 A) and nanoclay Cloisite® 30B (UP/30B) in thin components. We refer to this optimization method as the directed grid search method. To model cure behaviour of unsaturated polyester resin, four different kinetic models were considered, including advanced iso-conversional method, Kamal method, Kamal method with Chern diffusion factor, and Kamal method with Sbirrazzuoli diffusion factor. The comparison of our proposed optimized cure cycles indicates that addition of nanoclay to the resin causes the cure cycle duration and also the maximum temperature during the cure to decrease. In addition, by adding nanoclay to the resin, the optimal cure cycle is transformed from a five-stage cure cycle to a four-stage one. Our investigations indicate that optimal cure cycles for the UP/10 A and UP/30B systems do not significantly differ. This is because the pre-exponential factor can influence the optimal cure cycle as much as the activation energy. Our results show that the optimal cure cycle obtained from the Kamal model is much shorter than the optimal cure cycle obtained from the advanced iso-conversional method, while the optimal cure cycle obtained from the Kamal model with Chern diffusion factor is very similar to the cure cycle resulting from the advanced iso-conversional method.
“…The parameters associated with the Chern diffusion factor for neat UP and UP/10 A are provided in Danaei et al. 13 Table 3 presents these parameters for UP/30B system.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The parameters associated with the Sbirrazzuoli diffusion factor for neat UP and UP/10 A are provided in Danaei et al. 13 Table 4 presents these parameters for UP/30B system. Figure 8.Optimized cure cycles for neat UP system obtained from Kamal–Chern model and Kamal model considering Sbirrazzuoli diffusion factor (Kamal–Sbirrazzuoli model).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…7,8,11,12 In addition, study of effect of the diffusion phenomenon in the curing process of UP-resin containing nanoparticles is in its initial stages. 13…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…7,8,11,12 In addition, study of effect of the diffusion phenomenon in the curing process of UP-resin containing nanoparticles is in its initial stages. 13 In this paper, in the 'Background' section, advanced iso-conversional method along with the Kamal method -the two common methods of analysis of curing kinetics -is introduced in brief. Furthermore, the Chern diffusion factor and Sbirrazzuoli diffusion factor which are a couple of methods to correct the reaction rate predicted by the Kamal model are studied.…”
In this research, a method has been presented for optimizing cure cycle of neat unsaturated polyester resin and polyester resin containing 3 wt% nanoclay Cloisite® 10 A (UP/10 A) and nanoclay Cloisite® 30B (UP/30B) in thin components. We refer to this optimization method as the directed grid search method. To model cure behaviour of unsaturated polyester resin, four different kinetic models were considered, including advanced iso-conversional method, Kamal method, Kamal method with Chern diffusion factor, and Kamal method with Sbirrazzuoli diffusion factor. The comparison of our proposed optimized cure cycles indicates that addition of nanoclay to the resin causes the cure cycle duration and also the maximum temperature during the cure to decrease. In addition, by adding nanoclay to the resin, the optimal cure cycle is transformed from a five-stage cure cycle to a four-stage one. Our investigations indicate that optimal cure cycles for the UP/10 A and UP/30B systems do not significantly differ. This is because the pre-exponential factor can influence the optimal cure cycle as much as the activation energy. Our results show that the optimal cure cycle obtained from the Kamal model is much shorter than the optimal cure cycle obtained from the advanced iso-conversional method, while the optimal cure cycle obtained from the Kamal model with Chern diffusion factor is very similar to the cure cycle resulting from the advanced iso-conversional method.
“…Recent examples of such analysis include a study of the cure kinetics in nanoclay‐reinforced unsaturated polyester resin and in tannic acid‐based epoxy resin conducted respectively by Danaei et al . and Esmaeili et al .…”
Section: Reaction Kinetics and Mechanismsmentioning
This article surveys some exciting possibilities and results offered by less common, yet essential applications of differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The applications are concerned with the most commonly studied processes of the glass transition, crystallization, melting, polymerization, and degradation. Issues related to the glass transition include the non-Arrhenius temperature dependence and fragility, kinetic complexity of physical aging, evaluation of cooperatively rearranging regions, and rigid amorphous fraction. Discussion of crystallization covers separation of heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation, crystallization controlled by physical aging, and the use of isoconversional methods for determining the Hoffman-Lauritzen parameters. For melting, the role of reorganization and nucleation control is emphasized. For the thermal degradation and polymerization, advanced kinetic treatments as a way of obtaining mechanistic insights are discussed, and the possibility of studying both processes during continuous cooling is stressed. The possibility of using TGA for monitoring polycondensation is also highlighted.
The curing kinetic model of epoxy resin is crucial for understanding reaction mechanism and accurately describing curing behavior of fiber reinforced polymer composites. In the investigations related to kinetic models of epoxy, much attention is payed to the curing characterizations of modified or mixed materials for the desired field of application in the case that the initial curing degree for calculating kinetic parameters is generally constant. In this paper, a new method by specifying the initial curing degree for kinetic parameters is developed to improve the accuracy of fitting models based on the resin systems and methods for activation energy. The curing kinetics of resin systems including Epoxy 4330, Epoxy 5212, and diglycidyl ether pentaerythritol vanillin diacetalbisphenol-A epoxy resin-4,4 0 -diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DEPVD-E51-DDS) are examined utilizing differential scanning calorimetric technique at five different heating rates. Additionally, Kissinger, Starink, and Friedman methods, and piecewise models are adopted to fit the experimental data. The predictions from fitting models using different initial curing degrees are subsequently compared with experimental data. It is concluded that the utilization of initial curing degree promotes the accuracy of fitting models.activation energy, curing kinetics, epoxy resin, fitting model
| INTRODUCTIONEpoxy resin can be applied separately and also be taken as the matrix of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites or particles reinforced epoxy hybrid composites 1 due to the superior properties such as easy processing, high chemical, and good adhesive properties, 2,3 which can be fabricated by various composite manufacturing
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