Investigation of free volume and the interfacial, and toughening behavior for epoxy resin/rubber composites by positron annihilation

Zeng, Minfeng; Sun, Xudong; Xiao, Hui-Quan; Ji, Genzhong; Xuewen, Jiang; Wang, Boyu; Qi, Chenze

doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2007.05.002

Cited by 57 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…[14,15] In general, the macroscopic properties are seen to be dependent on the weight fraction, shape, size and arrangement of the fillers as well as on the filler-matrix interface. [16][17][18] In addition, the interaction between the filler and the polymer matrix is believed to be an important parameter for the improvement of the macroscopic properties. [18,19] The strength of the interactions between the polymer matrix and the filler defines the thickness of the interfacial layer in nanocomposites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Nanoscopic Free Volume and Interfacial Interaction in an Epoxy Resin/Modified Clay Nanocomposite Using Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy

et al. 2012

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Epoxy/clay nanocomposites are synthesized using clay modified with the organic modifier N,N-dimethyl benzyl hydrogenated tallow quaternary ammonium salt (Cloisite 10A). The purpose is to investigate the influence of the clay concentration on the nanostructure, mainly on the free-volume properties and the interfacial interactions, of the epoxy/clay nanocomposite. Nanocomposites having 1, 3, 5 and 7.5 wt. % clay concentrations are prepared using the solvent-casting method. The dispersion of clay silicate layers and the morphologies of the fractured surfaces in the nanocomposites are studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The observed XRD patterns reveal an exfoliated clay structure in the nanocomposite with the lowest clay concentration (≤1 wt. %). The ortho-positronium lifetime (τ(3)), a measure of the free-volume size, as well as the fractional free volume (f(v)) are seen to decrease in the nanocomposites as compared to pristine epoxy. The intensity of free positron annihilation (I(2)), an index of the epoxy-clay interaction, decreases with the addition of clay (1 wt. %) but increases linearly at higher clay concentrations. Positron age-momentum correlation measurements are also carried out to elucidate the positron/positronium states in pristine epoxy and in the nanocomposites. The results suggest that in the case of the nanocomposite with the studied lowest clay concentration (1 wt. %), free positrons are primarily localized in the epoxy-clay interfaces, whereas at higher clay concentrations, annihilation takes place from the intercalated clay layers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Nanoscopic Free Volume and Interfacial Interaction in an Epoxy Resin/Modified Clay Nanocomposite Using Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy

et al. 2012

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“…Two different methods to improve the toughness of adhesives have emerged, both with their own advantages and disadvantages: Polymer without phase separation, known as chemical modification of molecular structure ; Polymer with phase separation, with a supramolecular organization ; There are two main procedures to generate second‐phase dispersion in a modified‐thermosetting polymer: Phase separation during polymerization of an initial homogeneous solution (reaction‐induced phase separation) ; Dispersion of a second phase in the starting monomers (reinforcement inclusion) . …”

Section: Toughened Adhesivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The volume or the amount of particles dispersed in a structural adhesive matrix is a very important parameter in the resulting properties of the toughening adhesive . The volume of particles is directly related to the nature of the particles and their mechanical properties.…”

Section: Parameters That Influence the Particle Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Methods to increase the toughness of structural adhesives with micro particles: an overview with focus on cork particles

Barbosa

Silva

Öchsner

2016

Materialwissenschaft Werkst

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Structural adhesives are used increasingly in new applications replacing conventional joining methods. Epoxy adhesives have the widest range of application of the various classes of adhesives arising principally from their extremely wide set of performance properties. They are known for their high stiffness and strength, as well for their low ductility and toughness. Currently, there is an increasing interest in developing methods of improving toughness. A toughened adhesive in general contains elastic or thermoplastic domains dispersed in discrete form throughout the resin matrix, in order to increase the resistance to crack-growth initiation. This paper provides an overview of the current developments in the use of reinforcement materials and introduces the reader to early findings on the use of micro particles for toughness enhancement of adhesives. The theme of the use of materials of natural origin as reinforcement materials, giving special emphasis to the use of cork particles as toughener material is also presented.

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“…In the United Kingdom, approximately 46 million of tyres are disposed of each year, and since European Union directives have banned the disposal of used tyres (whole and shredded) in landfills, this has created an urgent need to identify routes for reuse or for recycling the component materials for new purposes 17 . The reuse of rubber wastes as dispersive phase into composite materials has been the focus of several researches [18][19][20][21] exhibiting excellent flexibility, ductility and energy absorption compared with conventional materials. Besides the environmental issues, elastomers offer singular properties such as, low density, electrical insulation, high chemical resistance, high toughness and vibration absorption, making them a potential promise phase for polymeric auxetic structures 22 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geometric effects of sustainable auxetic structures integrating the particle swarm optimization and finite element method

et al. 2014

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The development of new materials based on industrial wastes has been the focus of much research for a sustainable world. The growing demand for tyres has been every year exacerbating environmental problems due to indiscriminate disposal in the nature, making a potentially harmful waste to public health. The incorporation of rubber particles from scrap tyres into polymeric composites has achieved high toughness and moderate mechanical properties. This work investigates the geometric effects (thickness, width and internal cell angle) of auxetic structures made of recycled rubber composites based on experimental and numerical data. The response surface models integrated with the swarm intelligence and finite element analysis were proposed in order to obtain a range of solutions that provides useful information to the user during the selection of geometric parameters for reentrant cells. The results revealed the cell thickness ranges from 39-40 mm and 5.98-6 mm, and the cell angle range from -0.01 to -0.06° maximize the ultimate strength. The same parameters were able to optimize the modulus of elasticity of rubber auxetic structures, excepting for the angle factor which must be set between -30° and 27.7°. The optimal Poisson's ratio was found when the cell angle ranged from -30° to -28.5°, cell width ranged from 5-5.6 mm and 2 mm in thickness.

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Investigation of free volume and the interfacial, and toughening behavior for epoxy resin/rubber composites by positron annihilation

Cited by 57 publications

References 19 publications

Investigation of Nanoscopic Free Volume and Interfacial Interaction in an Epoxy Resin/Modified Clay Nanocomposite Using Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy

Investigation of Nanoscopic Free Volume and Interfacial Interaction in an Epoxy Resin/Modified Clay Nanocomposite Using Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy

Methods to increase the toughness of structural adhesives with micro particles: an overview with focus on cork particles

Geometric effects of sustainable auxetic structures integrating the particle swarm optimization and finite element method

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