Investigation of gasoline distributions within petrol stations: spatial and seasonal concentrations, sources, mitigation measures, and occupationally exposed symptoms

Sairat, Theerapong; Homwuttiwong, Sahalaph; Homwutthiwong, Kritsana; Ongwandee, Maneerat

doi:10.1007/s11356-015-4615-3

Cited by 20 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Regarding PPE, the use of boots was predominant, corroborating with other studies [23], while additional skin and inhalation protection equipment was reported only by some workers. Benzene and other organic compounds present in gasoline are absorbed when in contact with the skin and pass into the bloodstream; if a workman has a cutaneous lesion or wound the benzene absorption may be faster and may cause the same damages as occur by inhalation [27].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Relationship between Symptoms, Use of PPE and Habits Related to Occupational Exposure to BTEX Compounds in Workers of Gas Stations in Bahia, Brazil

Alves¹,

Vieira²,

Nunes³

et al. 2017

JEP

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To show the risks and harm caused by the occupational exposure to the benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes compounds (BTEX), the working conditions of 113 persons employed at gas stations in the cities of Riachão do Jacuipe, Feira de Santana and Salvador in the state of Bahia, Brazil were investigated by experts who correlated protection measures required by law and those applied to the workers. Data collection was performed by help of a questionnaire and non-participant observation record. The age groups of the workers in the three cities surveyed were between 18 to 25 years (30.08%) and 26 to 33 years (34.51%) of the total. The study revealed an association between occupational habits of workers at gas stations and the prevalence of symptoms due to the exposure to the BTEX compounds. Regarding the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) most workers wear boots. The data show that these workers reported symptoms such as headache, rhinitis, leg pain, drowsiness, cough, fatigue, insomnia, tremors and palpitations. These disorders are related back to previous exposure to BTEX compounds which is associated with inadequate occupational habits of the workers which potentiate chemical contamination in their respective environment.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Relationship between Symptoms, Use of PPE and Habits Related to Occupational Exposure to BTEX Compounds in Workers of Gas Stations in Bahia, Brazil

Alves¹,

Vieira²,

Nunes³

et al. 2017

JEP

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“…An important class of VOCs is the suite of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m/pxylene, and o-xylene) species, which have been the focus of many toxicological studies (Fazlzadeh Davil et al, 2011; Halliday, 2016; Hazrati et al, 2016a, 2015; Marć et al, 2016; Rad et al, 2014; Sairat et al, 2015). Ideal regions to study BTEX emissions and impacts include ‘hot spots’, which are typically urban areas where ambient levels significant exceed those of surrounding remote areas (Zhu et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their sources, including in this work’s study region, include vehicular exhaust, gas stations, industrial activity, landfill sites, municipal solid waste (MSW) stations, and combustion for domestic heating (Bruno et al, 2008; Carrieri et al, 2006; Chiriac et al, 2007, 2011; Correa et al, 2012; Durmusoglu et al, 2010; Jiang et al, 2017; Kim et al, 2008; Kountouriotis et al, 2014; Marć et al, 2016; Sairat et al, 2015; Terrés et al, 2010; Wu et al, 2006; Xiong et al, 2016). Past work has shown that more than 45% of total VOC emissions, such as for benzene and toluene, in Mexico City, the United Kingdom, and Los Angeles stemmed from gas stations, evaporation of petrol, and motor vehicle emissions (Correa et al, 2012; Durmusoglu et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics and health effects of BTEX in a hot spot for urban pollution

Dehghani

Fazlzadeh

Sorooshian

et al. 2018

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

192

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This study reports a spatiotemporal characterization of toluene, benzene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes concentrations (BTEX) in an urban hot spot in Iran, specifically at an bus terminal region in Shiraz. Sampling was carried out according to NIOSH Compendium Method 1501. The inverse distance weighting (IDW) method was applied for spatial mapping. The Monte Carlo simulation technique was applied to evaluate carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk owing to BTEX exposure. The highest average BTEX concentrations were observed for benzene in the morning (at 7:00–9:00A.M. local time) (26.15±17.65μg/m3) and evening (at 6:00–8:00P.M. local time) (34.44±15.63μg/m3). The benzene to toluene ratios in the morning and evening were 2.02 and 3.07, respectively. The main sources of BTEX were gas stations and a municipal solid waste transfer station. The inhalation lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) for benzene in the morning and evening were 1.96×10−4 and 2.49×10−4, respectively, which exceeds the recommended value by US EPA and WHO. The hazard quotient (HQ) of all these pollutants was less than 1. The results of this work have implications for public health near ‘hot spots’ such as IKBT where large populations are exposed to carcinogenic emissions.

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“…Petrochemical hydrocarbons, including BTEX compounds, are known as an indicator for exposure to volatile organic compounds as well as petroleum compounds [9]. Contact with BTEX compounds can occur through eating (using water contaminated with BTEX), inhalation of contaminated air, or adsorption through the skin [10]. Crude-oil-soluble derivatives and refined products include various types of toxic compounds for a wide range of plants and marine organisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Petroleum Hydrocarbon Removal from Wastewaters: A Review

et al. 2020

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Oil pollutants, due to their toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity, are considered a serious threat to human health and the environment. Petroleum hydrocarbons compounds, for instance, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, are among the natural compounds of crude oil and petrol and are often found in surface and underground water as a result of industrial activities, especially the handling of petrochemicals, reservoir leakage or inappropriate waste disposal processes. Methods based on the conventional wastewater treatment processes are not able to effectively eliminate oil compounds, and the high concentrations of these pollutants, as well as active sludge, may affect the activities and normal efficiency of the refinery. The methods of removal should not involve the production of harmful secondary pollutants in addition to wastewater at the level allowed for discharge into the environment. The output of sewage filtration by coagulation and dissolved air flotation (DAF) flocculation can be transferred to a biological reactor for further purification. Advanced coagulation methods such as electrocoagulation and flocculation are more advanced than conventional physical and chemical methods, but the major disadvantages are the production of large quantities of dangerous sludge that is unrecoverable and often repelled. Physical separation methods can be used to isolate large quantities of petroleum compounds, and, in some cases, these compounds can be recycled with a number of processes. The great disadvantage of these methods is the high demand for energy and the high number of blockages and clogging of a number of tools and equipment used in this process. Third-party refinement can further meet the objective of water reuse using methods such as nano-filtration, reverse osmosis, and advanced oxidation. Adsorption is an emergency technology that can be applied using minerals and excellent materials using low-cost materials and adsorbents. By combining the adsorption process with one of the advanced methods, in addition to lower sludge production, the process cost can also be reduced.

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Investigation of gasoline distributions within petrol stations: spatial and seasonal concentrations, sources, mitigation measures, and occupationally exposed symptoms

Cited by 20 publications

References 17 publications

Relationship between Symptoms, Use of PPE and Habits Related to Occupational Exposure to BTEX Compounds in Workers of Gas Stations in Bahia, Brazil

Relationship between Symptoms, Use of PPE and Habits Related to Occupational Exposure to BTEX Compounds in Workers of Gas Stations in Bahia, Brazil

Characteristics and health effects of BTEX in a hot spot for urban pollution

Petroleum Hydrocarbon Removal from Wastewaters: A Review

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