Investigation of mango (Mangifera odorate) sap and starch as organic adhesive of bio-briquette

Abstract

Rice husk and coconut shell waste is potential biomass found in Palembang that has not been utilized properly. Besides being used for primary purposes, biomass can be used for energy sources like renewable energy. Biomass residues can be obtained from the pyrolysis process with thermal cracking units (UTC) and used as bio-briquettes. Bio-briquette is prepared from a mixture of pyrolysis residues of coconut shell and rice husk with a mass ratio of 2:1 using a combination of adhesive mucilage (mango sap) and paste (starch). The adhesive is prepared by dissolving the starch in water, then mixing it into melted mango sap. The mass ratio of the sap and starch is 1:1 (w/w), while the ratio of the mixture of adhesive and water is 1:10. Based on the ATR-FTIR characterization, it showed that the C = C strain group and the C-H bending group appeared at 2800 cm−1, which was confirmed by its appearance at 800 cm−1 in the fingerprint area. Then, appears peak in the area of 1300 cm−1, indicating the presence of a nitro group, which is assumed to have come from mango sap. Measurements of the briquette physicochemical properties such as moisture content, ash content volatile matter, and fixed carbon were measured using the proximate analysis method. Furthermore, the addition of coconut shells in producing bio briquettes from rice husks increased the calorific value by 7.305 MJ kg−1. So that, bio-briquette is an effective as an alternative energy source to replace fossil fuel for household purposes.

High Potential Organic Feedstocks for Production of Renewable Solid Briquettes-A Comprehensive Review

“…Looking into emission chararctertsitcs during their combustion, the average CO and NOx emission of these developed composite briquettes were measured as 416 and 2 PPM, respectively. Meanwhile, the proximate composition of plain coconut shell char briquettes were found to be as follows: 67.02% (FC), 22.58% (VM), 5.91% (AC), 4.49% (MC), and 28.38 MJ/kg (CV) (Rodiah et al, 2021). Similar results were reported by Yuliah et al, 2017 upon briquetting coconut shell and rice husk char into composite briquettes with help of a hydraulic compression tool using Tapioca Starch as binder.…”

“…Most commonly followed technique involves carbonising the shells prior to briquetting; and has been proven to be highly effective. Supporting this, numerous studies have used these coconut shells as raw material for producing either raw or composite briquettes; and reported numerous findings which were significant with existing literatures, including their proximate and LC composition (Rodiah et al, 2021;Dziedzic et al, 2018).…”

“…Ultimately, this study concluded that lower degree of fragmentation and a higher pressure of the agglomeration increase the mechanical durability and specific density of the shell (Dziedzic et al, 2018). Furthermore, Rodiah et al, 2021 developed composite briquettes by mixing rice husk and coconut shell char, using mucilage (mango sap) as adhesive and starch as binder. This present study idealised the optimum coconut shell char to rice husk char mixing ratio as 2:1 (w/w); while, molten mango sap and starch were mixed in equivalent blend, and mixture of adhesive-binder and water as 1:10.…”

“…In similar manner, Rodiah et al, 2021 developed composite briquettes by mixing rice husk and coconut shell residue char torrefied at 300oC along with mango sap as binder, and compacting the dough using a simple die press. here, The optimum mixing ratio between these char resides were decided as 1:2 (w/w)(husk:shell chars),based on their lowest MC; and briquettes developed using this mixing ratio had the following proximate composition, MC-3.55%, VM-48.99%, FC-44.05%, AC-3.41%, and their CV as 26.18 MJ/kg (Rodiah et al, 2021). Apart from raw husk, even torrified husk have also been used for briquetting; and accordingly, Rodiah et al, 2021 used torrified Rice husk to produce briquettes, which reported its MC as 5.14%, VM as 31.8%, FC as 58.36%, AC as 4.71%, and CV as 18.87 MJ/kg; concluding that fuel characteristics like FC and calorific content were higher for torrified briquettes than its untreated counterpart (Rodiah et al, 2021).…”

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI CAMPURAN PEREKAT KANJI DAN SAGU TERHADAP MUTU BRIKET LIMBAH KULIT KOLANG KALING (Arenga pinnata Merr.)

“…Tinggi rendahnya nilai kandungan air sangat mempengaruhi mutu briket karena kandungan air tinggi yang banyak mampu menurunkan nilai kalor yang dihasilkan dari briket yang dibuat. Berdasarkan baku mutu briket Indonesia, kandungan air dari kelima komposisi pengolahan tersebut memenuhi Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) yang mensyaratkan kandungan air 8% (Rodiah et al, 2021)…”