Investigation of microstructure and hardness of a rib geometry produced by metal forming and wire-arc additive manufacturing

Hirtler, Markus�; Sydow, Benjamin�; Sviridov, Alexander�; Bambach�, Markus

doi:10.1051/matecconf/201819002005

Cited by 26 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…16) and low microhardness can be seen. The highest hardness values are located in centre locations of beads and close to 80 HV 0.1 , being similar to the results reported by Hirtler et al [39] for a similar Al-12Si alloy manufactured by WAAM.…”

Section: Mechanical Propertiessupporting

confidence: 90%

Comparative study of eutectic Al-Si alloys manufactured by WAAM and casting

Langelandsvik

Horgar

Furu

et al. 2020

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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Wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of metallic materials is expected to become part of the new industrial revolution. The possibilities for complex designs and superior mechanical properties can in many cases replace traditional manufacturing processes such as casting. In order to benchmark the properties of aluminium WAAM components, a comparative study was performed with two different casting techniques: permanent casting with steel mould and sand mould casting. Aluminium-silicon alloys with near eutectic composition were used for the comparison. Porosity levels, secondary dendrite arm spacing, grain size distribution, tensile strength and microhardness were considered for the comparison. The WAAM material exhibited superior mechanical properties originating from a finer dendritic and eutectic microstructure compared with the castings. A slight anisotropy in tensile ductility was observed in the WAAM material, probably due to a coarse microstructural zone between individual beads. All investigated materials had low levels of porosity, <1% by area fraction. The comparative study has shown that WAAM of aluminium-silicon alloys is well suited for high-integrity applications.

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Section: Mechanical Propertiessupporting

confidence: 90%

Comparative study of eutectic Al-Si alloys manufactured by WAAM and casting

Langelandsvik

Horgar

Furu

et al. 2020

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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“…MX3D radically transformed the industry of construction by delivering the first additively manufactured metal bridge with a total weight of 4500 kg, 12.5 m in length, and 6.3 m wide (Figure 33a). Hirtler et al [166] exploited one of WAAM’s possible applications, that is, manufacturing from a previous semi-finished component fabricated by a conventional metal forming process. A rib was first forged and then finished by increasing its height with WAAM (Figure 33b).…”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various components made with WAAM: ( a ) MX3D bridge [168], ( b ) rib [166], and ( c ) excavator arm [169]. …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Current Status and Perspectives on Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)

et al. 2019

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Additive manufacturing has revolutionized the manufacturing paradigm in recent years due to the possibility of creating complex shaped three-dimensional parts which can be difficult or impossible to obtain by conventional manufacturing processes. Among the different additive manufacturing techniques, wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is suitable to produce large metallic parts owing to the high deposition rates achieved, which are significantly larger than powder-bed techniques, for example. The interest in WAAM is steadily increasing, and consequently, significant research efforts are underway. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the most significant achievements in WAAM, highlighting process developments and variants to control the microstructure, mechanical properties, and defect generation in the as-built parts; the most relevant engineering materials used; the main deposition strategies adopted to minimize residual stresses and the effect of post-processing heat treatments to improve the mechanical properties of the parts. An important aspect that still hinders this technology is certification and nondestructive testing of the parts, and this is discussed. Finally, a general perspective of future advancements is presented.

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“…The layer-by-layer deformation effect is a solution to these problems, which can increase the density of the deposited material and refine the structure, thus obtaining higher mechanical properties. Improvement of the microstructure and strength characteristics of the material occurs during the deformation on each layer of the deposited solid material (3–5 mm thick) by rolling, forging, or ultrasonic shock treatment [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. The subgrain microstructure formed in this way does not disappear during the fusion of subsequent layers, i.e., it turns out to be thermally stable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of Structure and Properties of Two-Phase Ti-6Al-4V Alloy during Cold Metal Transfer Additive Deposition with Interpass Forging

et al. 2021

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The paper deals with the main formation patterns of structure and properties of a titanium alloy of the Ti-6Al-4V system during additive manufacturing using cold metal transfer (CMT) wire deposition. The work aims to find the optimal conditions for layer-by-layer deposition, which provides the high physical and mechanical properties of the titanium alloy of the Ti-6Al-4V system hybrid, additively manufactured using CMT deposition. Particular attention is paid to interpass forging during the layered printing of the product. Additionally, we investigate how the heat treatment affects the structure and properties of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy that has been CMT-deposited, both with and without forging. These studies have shown that the hybrid multilayer arc deposition technology, with interpass strain hardening, allows the use of high temperature and high technology titanium alloys to obtain products of a required geometric shape. It has been proven that the interpass deformation effect during CMT deposition contributes to a significant decrease in the sizes of the primary β-grains. In addition, forging enhances the effect of microstructure refinement, which is associated with phase recrystallization in deformed areas. It is shown that the heat treatment leads not only to a change in the morphology of the phases but also to additional phase formations in the structure of the Ti-6Al-4V-deposited metal while the mechanism is realized and consists of the gradual decomposition of the martensitic α′-phase and the formation of a dispersive α2-phase. This structure formation process is accompanied by the dispersion hardening of the α-phase. The strength characteristics of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy obtained using layer-by-layer CMT with forging are given; they exceed the strength level of materials obtained with the traditional technologies of pressure treatment, and there is no decrease in plasticity characteristics. The use of the subsequent heat treatment makes it possible to increase the ductility characteristics of the deposited and forged Ti-6Al-4V material by 1.5–2 times without strength loss.

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Investigation of microstructure and hardness of a rib geometry produced by metal forming and wire-arc additive manufacturing

Cited by 26 publications

References 20 publications

Comparative study of eutectic Al-Si alloys manufactured by WAAM and casting

Comparative study of eutectic Al-Si alloys manufactured by WAAM and casting

Current Status and Perspectives on Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)

Formation of Structure and Properties of Two-Phase Ti-6Al-4V Alloy during Cold Metal Transfer Additive Deposition with Interpass Forging

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