“…PBL was well structured in learning, would require students to express or demonstrate a sharing of skills, such as independent learning, critical thinking, team participation, and critical knowledge acquisition (Dwyer et al, 2014;Suryani et al, 2020;Yunianto et al, 2020). The process in PBL involved a systematic approach to solving problems or facing challenges following real-world situations (Charlton-Perez, 2013;Wahyuni et al, 2021). Independent learning encouraged students to consider what they knew, what they didn't know, and what they might need to know to solve existing problems and similar contextual situations in the future (Albay, 2019;Lawut et al, 2019;Yunianto et al, 2020).…”