Investigation of recommended good practices to reduce exposure to nanomaterials in nanotechnology laboratories in Tehran, Iran

What to Expect When Expecting in Lab: A Review of Unique Risks and Resources for Pregnant Researchers in the Chemical Laboratory

“… 145 Since then, the EU and the US have issued guidance on nano safety practices through ECHA 146 and NIOSH, 147 respectively, but recent surveys in other regions continue to show a lack of awareness of nanomaterial-specific safety and health policy plans. 148 , 149 Guidelines on ENM exposure specific to pregnant researchers are further lagging, although the routes of ENMs exposure are well-established including dermal and via inhalation. 145 , 150 There are some studies on dermal exposure, mainly focusing on metal oxide nanoparticles in cosmetics, with the general conclusion that nanoparticles do not pass through human skin immediately or with short duration exposures, but with repeated exposure can penetrate deeper into the skin and become internalized (e.g., 4.7–6.1% 4 mm diameter titania nanoparticle cosmetic applied directly to skin of pigs for 22 days resulted in skin penetration, 60 days of exposure resulted in internalization).…”

“…Safety guidelines for nanomaterials are lagging behind more traditional chemicals for the general researcher, with a 2010 survey of university and public research laboratories worldwide showing 90% of respondents being unaware of local or national regulations for safe handling of nanomaterials and almost three-quarters reporting having little or no awareness of internal or lab scale rules . Since then, the EU and the US have issued guidance on nano safety practices through ECHA and NIOSH, respectively, but recent surveys in other regions continue to show a lack of awareness of nanomaterial-specific safety and health policy plans. , Guidelines on ENM exposure specific to pregnant researchers are further lagging, although the routes of ENMs exposure are well-established including dermal and via inhalation. , There are some studies on dermal exposure, mainly focusing on metal oxide nanoparticles in cosmetics, with the general conclusion that nanoparticles do not pass through human skin immediately or with short duration exposures, but with repeated exposure can penetrate deeper into the skin and become internalized (e.g., 4.7–6.1% 4 mm diameter titania nanoparticle cosmetic applied directly to skin of pigs for 22 days resulted in skin penetration, 60 days of exposure resulted in internalization). ,, Therefore, avoidance of skin contact and appropriate PPE are recommended. ENMs in powder form can become aerosolized and may be suspended for extended periods of time, resulting in inhalational exposure .…”

An integrated approach to occupational health risk assessment of manufacturing nanomaterials using Pythagorean Fuzzy AHP and Fuzzy Inference System

“…On the other hands, the rapid growth of nanotechnology has led to an increased production and use of nanomaterials 19 , which may pose potential risks to the health and safety of workers involved in their manufacturing 20 . Occupational health risk assessments are crucial in identifying and mitigating these occupational risks 21 , 22 . Control Banding (CB) methods such as CB Nanotool, Stoffenmanager Nano created in The Netherlands, and CB Tool from the French Agency for Food and Act, are employed as categories criteria, or "bands," for occupational and health risk assessment, which combined with parameters to determine desired levels of control measures 18 , 23 .…”

Oxidative stress induced by occupational exposure to nanomaterials: a systematic review

“…Some studies have also used conventional occupational health practices to assess occupational exposure to nanomaterials; many studies, however, do not consider traditional occupational health practices to be appropriate for assessing exposure to nanomaterials and have proposed new approaches, equipment, and methods [11][12][13] . The reason for the need for new methods to nanomaterial exposure assessment and its potential impacts is that many of the information needed for assessment, such as toxicological information, how to measure and report occupational exposure, and exposure scenarios, is not available for nanomaterials 14,15) . Therefore, different approaches have been proposed and evaluated by different researchers and organizations, each with their own strengths and weaknesses, which has led to a lack of consensus on the methods of assessment of occupational exposure and effects of nanomaterials 16) .…”