Investigation of saponification mechanisms in biodiesel production: Microscopic visualization of the effects of FFA, water and the amount of alkaline catalyst

Chanakaewsomboon, Issara; Tongurai, Chakrit; Photaworn, Songtham; Kungsanant, Suratsawadee; Nikhom, Ruamporn

doi:10.1016/j.jece.2019.103538

Cited by 52 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The conversion of the FFA of the biodiesels decreased in the addition of Na 2 CO 3 catalyst ratio due to the high ratio of the catalyst to saturate methanol. Therefore, FFA and methanol are difficult to react with each other (Chanakaewsomboon et al, 2019). The reactivity of Na 2 CO 3 requires a transesterification time of more than 1 hour so that the maximum FFA content can be achieved.…”

Section: Ffa Alcohol Ester Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This value does not meet SNI of Biodiesel. The decrease in the time of oxidation stability with the addition of a catalyst is caused by the saturation of methanol by the solubility of Na 2 CO 3, causing the reaction to run poorly (Chanakaewsomboon et al, 2019).…”

Section: The Effect Of Na 2 Co 3 Catalyst Ratio On Oxidation Stability Of Biodiesel In the Transesterification Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biodiesel Production using Oil Extracted from Cooling Pond Wastewater by Esterification of Sulfonated Carbon Catalyst and Transesterification of Na2CO3 Catalyst

Kolakaningrum¹,

Agustina²,

Hadiah³

2021

J. Ecol. Eng.

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While high production of palm oil improves the community economy, it has the potential to damage the environment because it produces the waste containing quite a lot of residual oil. The wastewater generated by this production process flows into the cooling pond before it is further processed in aerobic and anaerobic ponds. The residual oil contained in the cooling pond can be collected and used, e.g. as raw material for biodiesel production. This research aimed to produce biodiesel by utilizing the oil extracted from cooling pond wastewater through the esterification method with a sulfonated carbon catalyst and a transesterification method with the Na 2 CO 3 catalyst. The sulfonated carbon catalyst was made from the palm kernel shells as a solid waste of the palm oil plant. In order to study the optimum amount of catalyst usage, the catalyst ratio was varied, i.e. 8-16% for the esterification process and 1-3% for the transesterification process. The reuse performance of sulfonated carbon catalysts was varied three times. On the basis of the research results, sulfonated carbon catalysts were proven to be effective as heterogeneous catalysts in the esterification process because they can reduce acid level to below 5 mg KOH/g oil. The sulfonated carbon catalyst ratio of 12% was the optimum ratio which can reduce the acid level to 4.62 mg KOH/g oil. The reuse of sulfonated carbon can reduce the acid level to 6.9 mg KOH/g oil at the first reuse. In the transesterification process, the optimum ratio of the Na 2 CO 3 catalyst of 3% was found. The biodiesel produced has met the biodiesel characteristics of National Indonesian Standard (SNI of 7182:2015) with the saponification number of 197.18 mg KOH/g oil, free glycerol of 0.09%, FAME content of 96.79%, and density of 886 kg/m 3 .

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Section: Ffa Alcohol Ester Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Effect Of Na 2 Co 3 Catalyst Ratio On Oxidation Stability Of Biodiesel In the Transesterification Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel Production using Oil Extracted from Cooling Pond Wastewater by Esterification of Sulfonated Carbon Catalyst and Transesterification of Na2CO3 Catalyst

Kolakaningrum¹,

Agustina²,

Hadiah³

2021

J. Ecol. Eng.

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“…Lathering is expressed by the number of milligrams of KOH needed to lather 1 gram of oil or fat. The saponification rate is determined by the molecular weight of the constituent fatty acids (Chanakaewsomboon et al, 2020). The oil that is composed by short chain fatty acids means that it has a large saponification value and vice versa.…”

Section: Irreversible Ordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic Study of Kapok Seed Oil Esterification using BMIM-PF6 Catalyst

Sudrajat

Widayat

Widiantara

et al. 2020

Reaktor

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Biodiesel offers better combustion efficiency, lower sulfur content and aromatic compounds, higher cetane numbers than diesel fuel, biodegradable and renewable properties that are not possessed by conventional fuels such as diesel fuel. This study aims to study the esterification process of Cotton Seed oil using liquid ionic catalyst 1-Butyl-3-MethydidazoliumHexafluorophosphate (BMIM-PF6) which is simulated by MATLAB 2014 software to compare the kinetic model and the reaction order between the experiment and simulation results with 3% liquid ionic catalyst , then test the validity of the reaction kinetic models. The validation results of reaction kinetic models for experiments and simulations provide an adjacent correlation value, that is R2 = 0.99526, with the reaction speed value (k) based on experimental data are 0.003815 and 0.0038 for the simulation data. Based on the simulation results, the proper reaction order for this esterification reaction is the first order reaction equation with a value of R2 = 0.99526, while the second order reaction gives the value R2 = 0.89453. The reaction kinetics parameters obtained from the experimental results are A = 0.012 and -Ea = -0.437, while the reaction parameters of the simulation are A = 1.0384 and -Ea = -89.5.

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“…%, and 1 mg KOH/g, respectively, to achieve a higher extent of transesterification reaction and also avoid occurrence of saponification during the reaction [5,6]. Chanakaewsomboon et al [7] investigated the effect of water content in the range between 0.1 wt. % and 1 wt.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluid Characteristics of Biodiesel Produced from Palm Oil with Various Initial Water Contents

Lin

2021

Processes

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Biodiesel is regarded as a significant alternative fuel to petrodiesel due to its excellent combustion features and renewable character. The water content in the reactant mixtures needs to be considered so as to retard the conversion rate and it is suggested to be kept as low as possible. The fluid characteristics of biodiesel might be affected by initial water content; however, the optimum ratio of water content added to raw oil for achieving superior fluid characteristics of biodiesel has not yet been studied. Hence, this study empirically investigated the influences of the initial water content added to raw feedstock oil on the fluid characteristics of biodiesel. The experimental results show that an adequate amount of water content in the reactant mixture was found effective for improving the transesterification reaction and, in turn, the fluid characteristics. The biodiesel made from raw oil with 0.05 wt. % water content added was observed to bear the lowest water content, acid value, and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) and, therefore, superior fluidity at low temperatures. The lower CFPP of biodiesel is attributed to its more unsaturated fatty acids and lower iodine value. In addition, the biodiesel produced from feedstock oil with 0.02 wt. % water added was observed to have the lowest iodine value but the highest kinematic viscosity. The optimum content of initial water added to palm oil for superior fluid characteristics of the biodiesel product is thus suggested to be in the range between 0.02 wt. % and 0.05 wt. %.

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Investigation of saponification mechanisms in biodiesel production: Microscopic visualization of the effects of FFA, water and the amount of alkaline catalyst

Cited by 52 publications

References 40 publications

Biodiesel Production using Oil Extracted from Cooling Pond Wastewater by Esterification of Sulfonated Carbon Catalyst and Transesterification of Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> Catalyst

Biodiesel Production using Oil Extracted from Cooling Pond Wastewater by Esterification of Sulfonated Carbon Catalyst and Transesterification of Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> Catalyst

Kinetic Study of Kapok Seed Oil Esterification using BMIM-PF6 Catalyst

Fluid Characteristics of Biodiesel Produced from Palm Oil with Various Initial Water Contents

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