Investigation of the interphase mechanisms and welding behaviour of fast-curing epoxy based composites with co-cured thermoplastic boundary layers

Zweifel, Lucian; Brauner, Christian

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.106120

Cited by 27 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Examples include toughening applications because the material can dissolve into epoxide systems. A common standard is to dissolve phenoxy powder into brittle thermosets to increase fracture toughness [ 16 ]. Using this new possibility for additive manufacturing, other forms of gradient that applied toughening or hierarchical structures could be of interest for further research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fused Filament Fabrication Based on Polyhydroxy Ether (Phenoxy) Polymers and Related Properties

et al. 2021

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This paper describes the first-time application of polyhydroxy ether polymers, so-called phenoxy, to fused filament fabrication (FFF). Phenoxy is an amorphous thermoplastic polymer that is based on the same building blocks as epoxide resins. This similarity creates some unique properties such as dissolution to epoxide systems, which is why phenoxy is used as an additive for toughening. In this study, the processing parameters were characterized, a filament was extruded and applied to FFF printing, and the final mechanical characteristics were determined. The study concludes with a comparison with other standard FFF materials.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fused Filament Fabrication Based on Polyhydroxy Ether (Phenoxy) Polymers and Related Properties

et al. 2021

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“…due to its outstanding physical properties including light weight and high chemical, mechanical, and thermal durability [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. According to recent studies, the market for fibre-reinforced composites in the USA has reached $12 billion in 2020 with an expected annual growth rate of 6.6% due to its adaptation in many modern applications such as wind energy [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. This heavy use has lead to producing a huge quantitiy of GFRC waste on a regular and increasing basis in the world [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyrolysis Kinetic Behaviour of Glass Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Resin Composites Using Linear and Nonlinear Isoconversional Methods

et al. 2021

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Due to the increasing demand for glass fibre-reinforced epoxy resin composites (GFRC), huge amounts of GFRC waste are produced annually in different sizes and shapes, which may affect its thermal and chemical decomposition using pyrolysis technology. In this context, this research aims to study the effect of mechanical pre-treatment on the pyrolysis behaviour of GFRC and its pyrolysis kinetic. The experiments were started with the fabrication of GFRC panels using the vacuum-assisted resin transfer method followed by crushing the prepared panels using ball milling, thus preparing the milled GFRC with uniform shape and size. The elemental, proximate, and morphology properties of the panels and milled GFRC were studied. The thermal and chemical decomposition of the milled GFRC was studied using thermogravimetric coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) at different heating rates. Meanwhile, the volatile products were examined using TG coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The TG-FTIR and TG-GC-MS experiments were performed separately. Linear (Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), and Friedman) and nonlinear (Vyazovkin and Cai) isoconversional methods were used to determine the pyrolysis kinetic of the milled GFRC based on thermogravimetry and differential thermal gravimetry (TG/DTG). In addition, the TG/DTG data of the milled GFRC were fitting using the distributed activation energy model and the independent parallel reactions kinetic model. The TG results showed that GFRC can decompose in three stages, and the main decomposition is located in the range 256-500 °C. On the other hand, aromatic benzene and a C-H bond were the major functional groups in the released volatile components in FTIR spectra, while phenol (27%), phenol,4-(1-methylethyl) (40%), and p-isopropenylphenol (34%) were the major compounds in GC-MS analysis. Whereas, the kinetic results showed that both isoconversional methods can be used to determine activation energies, which were estimated 165 KJ/mol (KAS), 193 KJ/mol (FWO), 180 KJ/mol (Friedman), 177 KJ/mol (Vyazovkin), and 174 KJ/mol (Cai).

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“…During the joining process, thermoplastic rivets are heated above the melting temperature, which allows the creation of a squeeze flow of the rivet material into the internal composite structure. However, thermoplastic welding methods, such as ultrasonic welding, offer several advantages over the above-mentioned joining techniques, such as short process times and strong dependable joints without significant surface preparation efforts [ 8 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Ultrasonic welding is one of the most commonly used welding methods besides resistance welding [ 11 , 13 , 14 ] or conduction welding [ 16 ] for joining thermoplastic structures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, thermoplastic welding methods, such as ultrasonic welding, offer several advantages over the above-mentioned joining techniques, such as short process times and strong dependable joints without significant surface preparation efforts [ 8 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Ultrasonic welding is one of the most commonly used welding methods besides resistance welding [ 11 , 13 , 14 ] or conduction welding [ 16 ] for joining thermoplastic structures. It uses ultrasonic energy at high frequencies (20–40 kHz) to produce low peak-to-peak amplitude (50 to 100 μm) mechanical vibrations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This occurs through friction between the joining constituents and viscoelastic damping [ 17 , 18 ]. Ongoing research has focused on developing ultrasonic welding solutions to replace gluing and riveting for primary load-carrying aerospace structures [ 13 , 18 , 19 ]. These applications are generally larger structures based on reinforced high-performance thermoplastic materials, such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyphenylene sulphide (PPS), and polyetherimide (PEI) [ 13 , 20 , 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental and Numerical Development on Multi-Material Joining Technology for Sandwich-Structured Composite Materials

et al. 2021

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Creating connection points for sandwich-structured composites without losing technical performance is key to realising optimal lightweight structures. The patented LiteWWeight® technology presents cost-effective connections on sandwich panels in a fraction of a few seconds without predrilling. Ultrasonic equipment is used to insert a thermoplastic fastener into the substrate material and partially melt it into the porous internal structure. This creates a highly interlocked connection (connection strength is above 500 N) suitable for semi-structural applications. This study focused on the simulation and experimental validation of this process, mainly on the interaction between the pin and the substrate material during the joining process. The dynamic thermo-mechanical model showed reasonable agreement with experimental methods such as process data, high-speed camera monitoring or computed tomography and allowed the prediction of the connection quality by evaluation of the degree of interlock. The connection strength prediction by the developed model was validated within several various process setups, resulting in a prediction accuracy between 94–99% depending on the setup.

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Investigation of the interphase mechanisms and welding behaviour of fast-curing epoxy based composites with co-cured thermoplastic boundary layers

Cited by 27 publications

References 15 publications

Fused Filament Fabrication Based on Polyhydroxy Ether (Phenoxy) Polymers and Related Properties

Fused Filament Fabrication Based on Polyhydroxy Ether (Phenoxy) Polymers and Related Properties

Pyrolysis Kinetic Behaviour of Glass Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Resin Composites Using Linear and Nonlinear Isoconversional Methods

Experimental and Numerical Development on Multi-Material Joining Technology for Sandwich-Structured Composite Materials

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