Investigation of the thermal processes in electron-beam surface modification by means of a scanning electron beam

Ormanova, Maria; Angelov, V.; Petrov, P.

doi:10.1088/1742-6596/700/1/012033

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Moreover, the results are not always reliable. For electron-beam treatment of homogeneous and isotropic material with temperature-independent physical properties, the heat transfer equation can be written in the following form [21,22]:…”

Section: Electron-beam Surface Treatment: Heat Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron-Beam Surface Treatment of Metals and Alloys: Techniques and Trends

Valkov

Ormanova

Petrov

2020

Metals

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During the last decades, electron-beam treatment technologies (EBTT) have been widely used for surface modification of metals and alloys. The EBT methods are known as accurate and efficient. They have many advantages in comparison with the conventional techniques, such as very short technological process time, uniform distribution of the energy of the electron beam, which allows a precise control of the beam parameters and formed structure and properties of the materials, etc. Moreover, electron-beam treatment technologies are a part of the additive techniques, which are known as modern methods for manufacturing of new materials with unique functional properties. Currently, modern trends in the surface treatment of metals and alloys are based on the combination of electron-beam technologies with other methods, such as thin film deposition, plasma nitriding, etc. This approach results in a significant improvement in the surface properties of the materials which opens new potential applications and can involve them into new industrial fields. This paper aims to summarize the topics related to the manufacturing and surface treatment of metals and alloys by means of electron-beam technologies. Based on a literature review, the development and growth of EBT are considered in details. The benefits of these technologies—as well as their combination with other methods—are extensively discussed.

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Section: Electron-beam Surface Treatment: Heat Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron-Beam Surface Treatment of Metals and Alloys: Techniques and Trends

Valkov

Ormanova

Petrov

2020

Metals

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“…The discussed technological conditions were selected in order to reach the highest cooling rate without melting the surface of the Co-Cr substrate during treatment. The temperature during the treatment process on the surface of the electron beam-modified specimen was evaluated according to a numerical model published elsewhere [24,25]. It was found that the sample was heated to about 1350 • C by applying the discussed technological parameters.…”

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confidence: 99%

Influence of Electron Beam Treatment of Co–Cr Alloy on the Growing Mechanism, Surface Topography, and Mechanical Properties of Deposited TiN/TiO2 Coatings

et al. 2019

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This study examines the effect of electron beam treatment (EBT) of Co-Cr substrate on the film growth mechanism, mechanical properties, and surface topography of TiN/TiO 2 coatings deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering. The obtained results and processes that occurred during the deposition are discussed in the context of crystallographic principles, and special attention is paid to the crystallographic orientation and growth mechanism studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanical properties were investigated by means of nanoindentation and wear tests. The surface topography was evaluated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results obtained in the present study showed that polycrystalline TiN and anatase TiO 2 phases were present in all cases. Electron beam treatment of Co-Cr substrate tended to form a reorientation of the microvolumes from (111) to (200) of TiN, leading to a change in the growth mechanism from three-dimensional (Volmer-Weber) to layer-by-layer (Frank-van der Merwe). It was found that the electron beam treatment process did not significantly affect the thickness of the coatings and the deposition rate. The treatment process led to an increase in surface roughness. The higher surface roughness after the EBT process should be appropriate to support cell growth and adhesion on the surface of the deposited bilayer coating. It was demonstrated that EBT of the substrate caused a decrease in hardness of the deposited coatings from 10 to 5 GPa. The observed decrease in hardness was attributed to the change in the preferred crystallographic orientation and film growth mechanism. The hardness of the bilayer coating after the application of EBT of the Co-Cr substrate was much closer to that of human bones, which means that severe stress shielding effect could not be expected. The evaluated coefficient of friction (COF) exhibited significantly lower values in the case of EBT of the substrate compared to the untreated Co-Cr material.resistance, which depends mostly on the surface properties and can be overcome by appropriate surface modification technologies [4].During the last decades, considerable attention has been paid to surface manufacturing of materials by high-energy fluxes (HEFs) (i.e., electron and laser beams). In these technologies, the electrons or photon fluxes interact with the surface of the sample, heat the treated area, and form a thermal distribution. The rate of heating and cooling can be characterized by quite high values (about 10 5 -10 6 K/s), which lead to some structural changes in the functional properties [5][6][7][8][9][10]. The authors of [11] demonstrated an innovative approach for controlling the surface topography and tribological behavior of biomedical alloys, such as Ti6Al4V, by means of electron beam surface treatment. Other researchers [12,13] have successfully demonstrated the possibilities for enhancing the wear and corrosion properties of steel by the formation of carbon fiber-reinforced Ni-based composite coatings via laser cladding. Laser beam technologie...

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“…Petrov and his team are intensively studying the possibility of surface modification by electron beam for steels and other metallic materials. In doing so, they have developed a numerical model based on the solution of the heat transfer equation using Green functions and used it to calculate the temperature field caused by high-frequency electron-beam scanning [23][24][25].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Near-Surface Layer Heat Treatment of Die Casting Dies by Means of Electron-Beam Technology

Schuchardt

Müller

Dilger

2021

Metals

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Increasing the service life of die casting dies is an important goal of the foundry industry. Approaches are either material- or process-related. Despite new material concepts, hot work steels such as H11 are still predominantly used in the uncoated condition for die casting dies. In order to withstand the stresses that occur, this steel is used exclusively in the quenched and tempered condition. Required properties such as high high-temperature strength and high hardness combined with high toughness are, in principle, contradictory and can only be adjusted consistently over the entire die by furnace-based heat treatment. However, the results of various investigations have shown that improvements in the thermal shock resistance and wear resistance of hot work tool steels can be achieved by thermally influencing the microstructure near the surface. Based on these studies and related findings, an approach to surface heat treatment using the electron beam was developed. Due to the particle character of the radiation and the associated possibility of high-frequency beam deflection, the electron beam offers significantly greater flexibility in energy input into the workpiece surface compared with lasers or induction. The overall technological concept envisages replacing furnace-based heat treatment in the production of casting dies by localized and demand-oriented boundary layer heat treatment with the electron beam. The experiments include, on the one hand, the experimental determination of a suitable temperature–time interval with a focus on short-term austenitization. On the other hand, a simulation-based approach of boundary layer heat treatment with validation of a suitable heat source is investigated. Regarding short-term austenitization, the corresponding temperature and time range could be narrowed down more precisely. Some of these parameter combinations seem to be very suitable for practical use. The test specimens show a hard surface layer with a depth of at least up to 6 mm and a very tough buffer layer. Numerical simulation is used to estimate the resulting metallurgical microstructure and the achievable hardness as a function of the temperature–time interval. In addition, the results provided show the possibility of determining and optimizing the material properties by means of a simulation-based approach within the framework of a purely digital process planning and subsequently transferring them into a process planning. In the technical implementation, a temperature control was first established by means of a two-color pyrometer. In the further course of research, the pyrometer will be supplemented by an internally installed infrared camera, which will allow the reproducible setting of specified temperature profiles even for complex, large-area contours in the future.

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Investigation of the thermal processes in electron-beam surface modification by means of a scanning electron beam

Cited by 7 publications

References 2 publications

Electron-Beam Surface Treatment of Metals and Alloys: Techniques and Trends

Electron-Beam Surface Treatment of Metals and Alloys: Techniques and Trends

Influence of Electron Beam Treatment of Co–Cr Alloy on the Growing Mechanism, Surface Topography, and Mechanical Properties of Deposited TiN/TiO2 Coatings

A Near-Surface Layer Heat Treatment of Die Casting Dies by Means of Electron-Beam Technology

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