“…Desalination technologies such as membrane separation/distillation (Cho et al, 2018), forward osmosis (Coday and Cath, 2014), mechanical vapor compression (Riley et al, 2016), electrocoagulation (Sardari et al, 2018;Lobo et al, 2016), advanced oxidation (Igunnu and Chen, 2014), and hybrid membrane bio-systems (Riley et al, 2016) are usually served to process these effluents for agricultural irrigation, livestock water and landscape water-use. Chemical precipitation methods, including coagulation, sedimentation, filtration lime softening water treatment processes, sodium hydroxide alkalization, and potassium permanganate oxidation, can effectively minimize the hardness, total organic carbon (TOC) and iron concentrations of the effluents (Lester et al, 2015;Mao et al, 2018;Torres et al, 2016), but these treatments are often expensive and the addition of chemicals may bring secondary pollutions. In the biological treatments, organic matter in the effluents could be removed effectively through aerobic degradation of activated sludge or lake water microbial consortia (Kekacs et al, 2015;Lester et al, 2013;He et al, 2019), but high total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations of the effluents usually hinder microbial activity and thus affect treatment efficiency (Mao et al, 2018;Torres et al, 2016).…”