Investigation on soaking and formation of lead/acid battery plates with different mass structure

Dreier, Ilona; Saez, Francisco; Scharf, Peter M.; Wagner, Rainer

doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(99)00390-0

Cited by 24 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…51 Microstructural characteristics of several types of batteries have been measured using MIP and physisorption methods, including metal-O 2 , [29][30][31] Li-ion, 33,55 redox flow 32 and lead acid batteries. 56,57 Typical measurements include pore size distributions, specific surface area and porosity. Early investigations of metal-air batteries applied MIP to investigate the influence of various microstructural characteristics on electrochemical performance.…”

Section: Porosimetry and Physisorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Xu et al 33 applied both N 2 adsorption and MIP measurements in efforts to characterize the structure of carbon anodes for Li-ion batteries. Gigova 56 and Dreier et al 57 porosimetry techniques, including MIP and BET-based physisorption, to characterize the microstructures of separators and electrode plates used in lead acid batteries.…”

Section: Porosimetry and Physisorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Three-dimensional microstructural imaging methods for energy materials

Cocco

Nelson

Harris

et al. 2013

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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Advances in the design of materials for energy storage and conversion (i.e., "energy materials") increasingly rely on understanding the dependence of a material's performance and longevity on three-dimensional characteristics of its microstructure. Three-dimensional imaging techniques permit the direct measurement of microstructural properties that significantly influence material function and durability, such as interface area, tortuosity, triple phase boundary length and local curvature. Furthermore, digital representations of imaged microstructures offer realistic domains for modeling. This article reviews state-of-the-art methods, across a spectrum of length scales ranging from atomic to micron, for three-dimensional microstructural imaging of energy materials. The review concludes with an assessment of the continuing role of three-dimensional imaging in the development of novel materials for energy applications.

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Section: Porosimetry and Physisorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Porosimetry and Physisorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional microstructural imaging methods for energy materials

Cocco

Nelson

Harris

et al. 2013

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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“…The conventional research on the formation includes the paste composition and its density, temperature, and concentration of forming electrolyte, current charging scheme, and rest period etc. [9][10][11][12][13][14] The pulsed-current formation has been used to improve the composition and performance of the positive plate. 15,16 The conductive additives such as Pb 3 O 4 , BaPbO 3 , and Ti 4 O 7 in the positive paste are also widely investigated.…”

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confidence: 99%

Investigation of Tubular Positive Plate Formation in Lead-Acid Batteries by In Situ Electrochemical Scan

Guo

Garche

2005

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The tubular positive plate formation in lead-acid batteries has been studied by an in situ electrochemical scan technique to measure the current and potential distributions. The distributions of the current density, potential, and polarization resistance were uneven in the earlier stage of the formation. This is attributed to the conductivity of the positive paste. The formation of the tubular positive plate can be divided into three stages according to the polarization. The first stage is before inputting ϳ50% the charge amount, in which the conductivity of the paste is dominant. After that, the positive polarization depends on both the conductivity and the electrochemical reactions in the formation process between about 50 and 80% charge amount. Finally, the electrochemical reactions become dominant. The charge amount of different parts was also uneven in the entire formation, which was determined by the distribution of the current density in the initial stage of high current charge.

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“…4,5 In the past few decades, many authors have worked on various formation technologies, to improve the positive plate formation. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] There are different kinds of formation technologies of lead-acid batteries on the basis of different classifications. They are divided into (i) the tank and container formation; 1 (ii) the welding and weldless formation; (iii) the formation of positive pastes with triand tetra-basic lead sulfates ͑3BS and 4BS͒; [8][9][10] (iv) the formation of the plates for lead-acid batteries in different applications such as automotive, vehicle traction, industrial batteries, and sealed batteries.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] There are different kinds of formation technologies of lead-acid batteries on the basis of different classifications. They are divided into (i) the tank and container formation; 1 (ii) the welding and weldless formation; (iii) the formation of positive pastes with triand tetra-basic lead sulfates ͑3BS and 4BS͒; [8][9][10] (iv) the formation of the plates for lead-acid batteries in different applications such as automotive, vehicle traction, industrial batteries, and sealed batteries. [13][14][15] The formation of the positive plate depends on the cured paste composition, acid density of the formation electrolyte, charge current profile, and electrolyte temperature.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Current and Potential Distributions of Large-Sized Positive Plate in Its Formation of Lead-Acid Batteries

Guo

Wu²,

Zhang³

2005

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The current and potential distributions on the large-sized flat positive plate of lead-acid batteries in its formation have been studied by an in situ electrochemical scan technique. The formation can be divided into three stages. The first is before 15% charge amount. At this stage, the conductivity of the positive paste is dominant. At the second stage, from about 15 to 62% charge, the formation rate depends on both the electrochemical reactions and ohmic polarization. At the final stage, the electrochemical reactions are a rate-limiting step. At the beginning of the formation, the distributions of the potential, current and polarization resistance are uneven, depending on the evolution of the conductive PbO2 zones. In comparison with the tubular positive plate, the distributions of potential and current are more uniform in the formation of the flat positive plate and the polarization is much smaller. The violent oxygen bubble evolution at the beginning will result in high contact resistance of local active mass. © 2005 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

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Investigation on soaking and formation of lead/acid battery plates with different mass structure

Cited by 24 publications

References 31 publications

Three-dimensional microstructural imaging methods for energy materials

Three-dimensional microstructural imaging methods for energy materials

Investigation of Tubular Positive Plate Formation in Lead-Acid Batteries by In Situ Electrochemical Scan

Current and Potential Distributions of Large-Sized Positive Plate in Its Formation of Lead-Acid Batteries

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