Investigation on switching behaviour of 90° ferroelectric domains in (Pb0.85Sm0.10) (Ti0.98Mn0.02)O3 piezoelectric ceramics of ultra-high electromechanical anisotropy by the X-ray diffraction technique

Subcritical Crack Growth in Unpoled and Poled PZT Ceramics under Applied Static and Oscillating Electric Fields. I. Experimental Observation

“…First was the observation of an anisotropic crack growth pattern, i.e., cracks perpendicular to the poling direction grew more than those parallel to the poling direction, indicating a good poling of the sample. Second, the result of X-ray diffraction (Philips X'Pert-MPD, EA Almelo, Netherlands) was used to confirm the polarization of the poled PZT samples [22,23]. Since the domain orientation of a poled PZT was aligned in a preferred direction, the ratio of (002) and (200) peak intensity, R, would become less than 0.5 when surfaces exposed to X-ray became parallel to the direction of poling.…”

Electromechanical anisotropy behavior in Pb0.88Eu0.08Ti1−yMnyO3 system: Role of 90° domain reversal

“…Because the change in diffraction intensities is caused only by 90°domains [10][11][12][13] , the x-ray intensities of I(200)/I(002) under the influence of an electric field could represent the characteristics of the 90°domain reversal. It depends on crystal symmetry, composition, and imperfection as well as on field.…”

“…12,13 Particularly for a stressed sample due to domain reversal during the poling process, the integrated relative intensity for 002 and 200 reflections can be written as (1).…”

“…[9][10][11][12][13][14] The poling process involves application of a high-intensity electric field, which produces strong dimensional changes in many piezoelectric ceramics; lead titanate is a characteristic example. [9][10][11][12][13][14] The poling process involves application of a high-intensity electric field, which produces strong dimensional changes in many piezoelectric ceramics; lead titanate is a characteristic example.…”