Invisible Wounds of War: Summary and Recommendations for Addressing Psychological and Cognitive Injuries

Tanielian, Terry; Haycox, Lisa H.; Schell, Terry L.; Marshall, Grant N.; Burnam, M. Audrey; Eibner, Christine; Karney, Benjamin R.; Meredith, Lisa S.; Ringel, Jeanne S.; Vaiana, Mary E.

doi:10.7249/mg720.1

Cited by 191 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Serving in today's military often includes dangerous duty (Tanielian et al 2008;Hoge et al 2005), lengthy periods of separation, frequent geographic relocation, and the possibility of death and dismemberment of the military member (Cozza et al 2005). Military members, especially those serving in Army and Marine Corps combat units, have regularly been exposed to traumatic events that can have a lasting effect on themselves and their families (Herzog and Everson 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…An estimated 15% or more of Soldiers deployed to Iraq in 2007 had acute stress symptoms (the precursor to post traumatic stress disorder or PTSD), 7% had depressive symptoms, and another 7% experienced anxiety symptoms (Mental Health Advisory Team V 2008). Members engaged in active combat in Afghanistan and Iraq have experienced traumatic brain injury at rates up to 30% (Tanielian et al 2008). Reintegration of combat service members back into their families is often quite stressful (Doyle and Peterson 2005) and is frequently complicated by the member's trauma and traumatic brain injury symptoms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Do Secondary Trauma Symptoms in Spouses of Combat-Exposed National Guard Soldiers Mediate Impacts of Soldiers’ Trauma Exposure on Their Children?

Herzog

Everson

Whitworth

2011

Child Adolesc Soc Work J

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This exploratory study examines the associated effects of combat exposure on Soldiers assigned to a Midwestern Army National Guard unit. It also explores the secondary and mediating effects of combat exposure on Soldier's spouses and children. The correlations of combat exposure with trauma symptoms, substance abuse, domestic violence and secondary trauma symptoms among family members are identified. Survey results suggest that immediate family members of combat-exposed Soldiers with high levels of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are at risk for developing secondary traumatic stress. Secondary trauma symptoms in these spouses are a risk-increasing mediating variable between trauma symptoms in combat-exposed Soldiers and secondary trauma symptoms in their children. Results from this investigation emphasize the need for further inquiry into this topic. They further highlight the need for preventive and treatment efforts targeted toward all family members and relationships in order to lessen the effects of combat exposure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Secondary Trauma Symptoms in Spouses of Combat-Exposed National Guard Soldiers Mediate Impacts of Soldiers’ Trauma Exposure on Their Children?

Herzog

Everson

Whitworth

2011

Child Adolesc Soc Work J

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“…Each domain included subcate gories listing potential needs, and respondents were asked to identify which needs existed among the service members they served and to rate the severity of each need. Domains and subcate gories included in the survey were identified within the literature (Coll, Weiss, & Yarvis, 2011;Department of Defense Task Force on Mental Health, 2007;Taanielian et al, 2008; The White House, 2011) and member checked by an expert panel. The expert panel consisted of active and retired military service members, total military family members, behavioral health and military researchers, and behavioral health providers.…”

Section: Observed Needs Among Service Membersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The influx o f soldiers and fam ilies requesting m ental health services has reached exponential proportions and extends w ell beyond the capacity o f the U.S. D epartm ent o f D efense (DoD ) and U.S. D epartm ent o f Veteran A ffairs' (VA) health care facilities and out patient resources (Taanielian et al, 2008). The current increase in dem and has resulted in a significant number of service members and their families seeking mental health services from civilian providers (Miller, 2010), such as civilian mental health social workers or social work ers providing services in community settings as opposed to military hospitals and other military settings (Savitsky, Illingworth, & DuLaney, 2009).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Workers’ Observations of the Needs of the Total Military Community

Frey¹,

Collins

Pastoor

et al. 2014

Journal of Social Work Education

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Researchers surveyed licensed social workers from 5 Mid-Atlantic states to explore their perspectives on the current state of mental health and service delivery for military service workers, families, and contractors. Social workers identified needs in the following areas: mental health, physical health and wellness, social and environmental, interpersonal and family, and military-specific needs. The major ity of needs were most critical during the postdeployment stage. Education related to the observed needs was reported; social workers were most interested in learning about military culture and how to coordinate resources within the community to support the total military community. Suggestions for social work education and future research are discussed. R ecent deploym ent to Iraq and A fghanistan, specifically O peration Enduring Freedom and O peration Iraqi F reedom (O E F /O IF ), created an age o f "persistent conflict" (Casey, 2011, p. 1) for the international com munity. T he unique circum stances o f these conflicts directly affect soldiers and th e n fam ily m em bers. Researchers have shown that the m ental and physical health care needs o f returning U.S. service m em bers and their fam ilies are acute and steadily increasing (Flynn & H assan, 2010; H assan, Jackson, Lindsay, & Rank, 2010; Possem ato, Wade, A ndersen, & O uim ette, 2010). Som e o f the circum stances unique to the O E F /O IF conflicts include the m il itary's increased reliance on deploying R eservists and N ational G uard service m em bers (Hall, 2008), increased use o f m ultiple deploym ents, and shortened tim efram es betw een deploym ents (Honig, 2010). In addition, soldiers are returning hom e w ith m ore traum atic and serious injuries than in past m ilitary conflicts (Flynn & H assan, 2010).In addition to service m em bers' acute m ental health concerns resulting from com bat, the W hite H ouse (2011) recently reported that 9% o f service m em bers surveyed 3 to 6 m onths post com bat deploym ent reported sym ptom s o f posttraum atic stress disorder (PTSD), m ore than 27% reported sym ptom s o f depression, and m ore than 19% reported signs or sym ptom s o f traum atic brain injury (TBI). The influx o f soldiers and fam ilies requesting m ental health services has reached exponential proportions and extends w ell beyond the capacity o f the U.S. D epartm ent o f D efense (DoD ) and U.S. D epartm ent o f Veteran A ffairs' (VA) health care facilities and out patient resources (Taanielian et al., 2008). The current increase in dem and has resulted in a

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“…In addition, the risk for PTSD and other psychological health concerns may increase with multiple deployments (Reger, Gahm, Swanson, & Duma, 2009), which have become commonplace in the current environment of protracted war. Multiple researchers have declared PTSD to be one of the "signature wounds" of the current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan (American Psychological Association, Presidential Task Force, 2007;Tanielian et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

T2 Virtual PTSD Experience: A Virtual Worlds Environment to Educate Service Members and Veterans About Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Holloway

Reger

2013

International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction

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Deploying Active Duty Service Members face multiple psychological health risks, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite a significant proportion of Service Members with psychological health needs, a number of barriers prevent access to education and treatment services available to them. These barriers include perceived stigma, physical access barriers, and psychological barriers. Web resources provide important information regarding psychological health issues and available resources but have limitations in the learning experience they can provide. Virtual worlds platforms, such as Second Life, offer unique affordances that may reduce some barriers to accessing psychological health education and care. They may allow for a unique immersive and interactive learning experience augmenting current web resources. One such virtual world environment, the T2 Virtual PTSD Experience, is described. The T2 Virtual PTSD Experience aims to educate military service members, veterans, family, and peers about the causes, symptoms, and help available for combat-related PTSD. Reactions from visitors have been positive, with many reporting improved understanding of PTSD and motivation to seek care. Future directions for leveraging virtual worlds in the service of psychological health care are discussed.

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Invisible Wounds of War: Summary and Recommendations for Addressing Psychological and Cognitive Injuries

Cited by 191 publications

References 18 publications

Do Secondary Trauma Symptoms in Spouses of Combat-Exposed National Guard Soldiers Mediate Impacts of Soldiers’ Trauma Exposure on Their Children?

Do Secondary Trauma Symptoms in Spouses of Combat-Exposed National Guard Soldiers Mediate Impacts of Soldiers’ Trauma Exposure on Their Children?

Social Workers’ Observations of the Needs of the Total Military Community

T2 Virtual PTSD Experience: A Virtual Worlds Environment to Educate Service Members and Veterans About Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

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