Involuntary outpatient treatment as “desintitutionalized coercion”: The net-widening concerns

Community treatment orders in New Zealand: regional variability and international comparisons

“…6 Although CTOs have become routine in clinical practice in New Zealand and Australia, they have been controversial in Canada 7 and in England and Wales where they were introduced in 2008. 4 Commentators have described opinions as reflecting 'ambivalence' about CTOs since even those in favour of CTOs frequently report reservations about their use.…”

Community treatment orders: the ethical balancing act in community mental health

“…By this definition, paternalism is contradictory to the values of autonomy (Szmukler & Holloway 2001). Individuals considered to lack the ability to make their own decisions and therefore require others to speak on their behalf can be coerced into certain actions based on this approach (Geller et al. 2006).…”

“…Realistically, society requires the use of coercion to ensure adherence to laws and social norms with the goal of maintaining social order (Geller et al. 2006).…”

“…2006). Coercion is ‘the power to force compliance with authority using the threat of sanctions, including physical punishment, deprivation of liberty, financial penalty, or some other undesirable consequence (Geller et al. 2006, p. 551).…”

“…There was a greater focus on providing mental health care that decreased the need for lengthy and costly hospital admissions. Also, there was increased attention to patient rights and a change in the philosophical approach to the provision of mental health care (Goodwin 1997), with mental health services targeting the provision of care in the least restrictive setting (Geller et al. 2006).…”