Iodide Concentrations in Saudi Waters: A Cause for Concern

Sulimani, Riad A.; Al‐Attas, Omar S.; El-Desouki, Mahmoud; Eissa, Mohamed M.; Al-Nuaim, Abdulrahman; Al-Sekait, Mohammed Abdulaziz

doi:10.5144/0256-4947.1991.655

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…One possibility is the recent observation of an increase in the dietary iodine intake by the population, 46 not withstanding the observation by Sulimani et al that the iodine concentration in Saudi waters is very low, ranging from 4 μmol/L to 13 μmol/L, in contrast to the iodine content in the waters reported from the United States, which is relatively high, consisting of 30 μmol/L. 47 It is quite likely that a state of iodine deficiency may have prevailed previously. However, this may have been more than compensated by the recently observed increase in the intake of iodine-rich food items by the Saudi population.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 40%

A Study of 875 Cases of Thyroid Cancer Observed Over a Fifteen-Year Period (1975–1989) at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre

Ahmed

Al-Saihati²,

Greer³

et al. 1995

Annals of Saudi Medicine

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Thyroid cancer (TC) is a common malignancy encountered at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSH&RC). Of 19,885 different malignant tumors seen during the period from 1975 to 1989, there were 875 cases (4.4%) of TC. Of 1374 tumors of endocrine glands seen during the same period, 67% were thyroid neoplasms. TC represented 7.5% (618 cases) of all neoplasms in the females, second only to breast cancer. All types of TC were seen, with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PC) being the most common (79%). Anaplastic, medullary, follicular (FC), malignant lymphoma and Hürthle cell cancer accounted for 5.4%, 5.3%, 4.3%, 3.6% and 0.9% respectively. The frequency of PC was very similar (16%) in each of the third, fourth and fifth decades. The relative frequency (RF) of different types of TC was highest for PC with a ratio of 18:1 between PC and FC, which could be the highest ever reported. There was a clearly progressive increase in the number of thyroid tumors referred between 1975 and 1989. Although this increase was evident for both sexes, it was more apparent for females. There was also a distinct increase ( P<0.01) in the RF of PC from 76% (1975 to 1980) to 85% (1986 to 1989) Fifteen-Year Period (1975 at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre. 1995; 15(6): 579-584 Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is a relatively common malignancy with a marked international variation in the incidence of the disease. Limited data are available on the incidence and clinicopathological features of TC from the Middle East.1-23 Pertinent information regarding the demographic, epidemiological, clinical and pathological features of TC from Saudi Arabia is needed to determine the prognostic factors and to develop effective management strategies.Information on the geographical distribution of cancer has been of great value for generation of epidemiologic hypothesis and formulation of concepts for the etiology of cancer. Such information would also be valuable for making global comparisons. Until a population-based tumor registry is established in Saudi Arabia and the figures for TC made available, the only other recourse is to analyze the experience emanating from large referral centers. It is in this context that we have embarked on a study of 928 consecutive cases of thyroid tumors, observed over a 15-year period (1975 to 1989) at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre. The specific aims of this work were: 1) To analyze the demographic features of patients with TC seen at our institution since its inception in 1975. 2) To classify and determine the crude relative frequency (CRF) of different thyroid tumors seen at KFSH&RC between 1975 and. CRF is the proportion of a given type of cancer in relation to all cases in a clinical or pathological series. 3) To determine any possible trend in the CRF of different types of TC seen at our institution. Patients and MethodsSince its inception in November 1975, we have had 1500 cases of thyroid tumors at KFSH&RC. However, this

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 40%

A Study of 875 Cases of Thyroid Cancer Observed Over a Fifteen-Year Period (1975–1989) at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre

Ahmed

Al-Saihati²,

Greer³

et al. 1995

Annals of Saudi Medicine

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“…A result that was obtained from a Saudi study which analyzed iodine content of tap water and drinking mineral water from different regions of the country. 32 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 33 In this study, the iodine content of the collected soil samples was considered low as proofed by a previous Saudi study which revealed an overall low iodide content in the soil of Saudi Arabia. 32 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental, Urinary Iodine Status and Prevalence of Goitre among Schoolchildren in a High Altitude Area of Saudi Arabia

Ms¹,

D²

2015

Pak J Med Sci

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Objective:This study aimed to assess the iodine deficiency, prevalence of goitre among schoolchildren and measuring environmental iodine in Taif city, Saudi Arabia.Methods:A cross-sectional multistage cluster-sampling methodology was done on 1887 schoolchildren. Their urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and goitre prevalence was assessed. Blood level of triiodothyronin, thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating-hormone was carried out for students with normal, mild; moderate and sever iodine deficiency. The iodine content of salt, water and soil was also assessed.Results:Goitre prevalence was 7.4% and about 71% of the participants had UIC less than 100μg/L. An inverse relationship between median UIC and the percent prevalence of goitre was found. The mean serum T3, T4 and TSH were 1.05ng/dL, 6.81µg/dL, and 5.69mIU/L, respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between the mean value of urinary iodine and the mean value of both T3 and T4. While a significant negative correlation between the mean value of urinary iodine and the mean value of TSH was also noted.Conclusions:The results revealed the presence of a potential public health problem of iodine deficiency among school going children in high altitude areas of Saudi Arabia. There is a need to monitor and evaluate the salt iodization process, and distribute adequately iodized salt in the affected areas.

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“…14 The second study revealed low iodine concentration in all water samples. 15 The findings of the food study can be attributed to the fact that food samples were either collected from large cities such as Riyadh, Qassim, Taif, or imported in whole or in part.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine Deficiency in Saudi Arabia

et al. 1997

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Data on the status of iodine deficiency in the Arabian peninsula is scarce. We have conducted a cross-sectional national epidemiological survey in Saudi Arabia to study the iodine status of Saudi schoolchildren, between eight and ten years, who were randomly selected, after taking into consideration the gender, provincial population and area distribution. Casual urine samples were collected and sent to the central laboratory for analysis. Clinical assessment for the presence of goiter was conducted in four areas with different geographical natures. The survey included 4638 subjects, and their median and mean (SD) of urinary iodine concentration was 18 and 17 μg/dL, respectively. We found provincial differences with respect to urinary iodine concentration and the percentage of subjects with urinary iodine concentration <10 μg/dL. The Southern province had the lowest median (11 μg/dL) and the highest percentage (45%) of subjects with urinary iodine concentration <10 μg/dL. On the other hand, subjects of the Western province had the highest median (24 μg/dL) and the lowest percentage (8%) of subjects with urinary iodine concentration <10 μg/dL. The clinical assessment revealed that the highest prevalence and more advanced grade of goiter (22%, 95% CI 19-25, grade 1; 8%, 95% CI 6-10, grade 2) was found in the Asir region, a highaltitude area in the Southern province. The lowest prevalence of goiter (4%, 95% CI 0.8-7.2, grade 1) was found in Gizan, an urban coastal community. There was a significant relationship between the prevalence of goiter and the urinary iodine concentration. The survey for iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) in Saudi Arabia has shown a mild degree of iodine deficiency in the Southern province. Odds ratio (OR) was used to study the statistical relationship between the prevalence of goiter and the urinary iodine concentration. There is a need to launch a control program to ensure the exclusive availability of iodized salt in

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Iodide Concentrations in Saudi Waters: A Cause for Concern

Cited by 5 publications

References 6 publications

A Study of 875 Cases of Thyroid Cancer Observed Over a Fifteen-Year Period (1975–1989) at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre

A Study of 875 Cases of Thyroid Cancer Observed Over a Fifteen-Year Period (1975–1989) at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre

Environmental, Urinary Iodine Status and Prevalence of Goitre among Schoolchildren in a High Altitude Area of Saudi Arabia

Iodine Deficiency in Saudi Arabia

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