Iodine Nutritional Status in Schoolchildren from Public Schools in Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Study Exposes Association with Socioeconomic Factors and Food Insecurity

Campos, Renata de Oliveira; Rebouças, Sara Cristina Lima; Beck, Rebeca; Jesus, Lorena Rejane Maia de; Ramos, Yanne Rocha; Barreto, Iasmin dos Santos; Marques, Tamires Xavier; Cerqueira, Taíse Lima Oliveira; Santos, William Alves; Oliveira, Clotilde Assis; Teixeira, Leonardo Sena Gomes; Souza, Vanessa Cristina de Oliveira; Barbosa, Fernando; Ramos, Helton Estrela

doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0448

Cited by 27 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Several reports described iodine-deficient pregnant women even in iodine-sufficient areas, despite the existence of an iodization programme, and pregnant women are considered a risk group ( 3 , 12 ). In Brazil, the salt iodization programme is successful at combating iodine deficiency, but ongoing monitoring is mandatory as Brazil is a continental country with vulnerable regions, such as rural areas and lower economic conditions ( 11 ). Recently, the Brazilian government’s salt iodization programme reduced the iodine concentration in salt from 40–60 mg/kg to 15–45 mg/kg based on previous reports pointing to excessive iodine intake ( 14 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the median UIC is a well-known indicator of iodine intake for the population, individual intakes are highly variable, and a low UIC on any given day might be found despite adequate daily intakes to maintain thyroidal iodine stores ( 21 ). Our study did not evaluate the socioeconomic and educational statuses that are associated with iodine deficiency ( 11 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since 1953, salt iodization has been mandatory in Brazil, which is now reported to be an iodine-intake-adequate area with median UIC 276 µg/L, which was previously categorized as ‘more than adequate’ category ( http://www.ign.org ). However, iodine deficiency is still observed in a significant proportion of schoolchildren, especially from poor and uneducated families and rural regions ( 11 ). Previous small studies carried out in Brazil demonstrated an insufficient iodine intake in pregnant women, alerting about the adequacy of the iodine supply in Brazil, especially regarding the new determinations of the Brazilian government that recently reduced the concentrations of iodine in table salt to 15–45 mg/kg of salt ( 12 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High prevalence of iodine deficiency in pregnant women living in adequate iodine area

Mioto

Monteiro

Camargo

et al. 2018

Endocrine Connections

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ObjectivesIodine deficiency during pregnancy is associated with obstetric and neonatal adverse outcomes. Serum thyroglobulin (sTg) and thyroid volume (TV) are optional tools to urinary iodine concentration (UIC) for defining iodine status. This cross-sectional study aims to evaluate the iodine status of pregnant women living in iodine-adequate area by spot UIC and correlation with sTg, TV and thyroid function.MethodsTwo hundred and seventy-three pregnant women were evaluated at three trimesters. All had no previous thyroid disease, no iodine supplementation and negative thyroperoxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies. Thyroid function and sTg were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. TV was determined by ultrasonography; UIC was determined using a modified Sandell–Kolthoff method.ResultsMedian UIC was 146 µg/L, being 52% iodine deficient and only 4% excessive. TSH values were 1.50 ± 0.92, 1.50 ± 0.92 and 1.91 ± 0.96 mIU/L, respectively, in each trimester (P = 0.001). sTg did not change significantly during trimesters with median 11.2 ng/mL and only 3.3% had above 40 ng/mL. Mean TV was 9.3 ± 3.4 mL, which positively correlated with body mass index, but not with sTg. Only 4.5% presented with goitre.When pregnant women were categorized as iodine deficient (UIC < 150 µg/L), adequate (≥150 and <250 µg/L) and excessive (≥250 µg/L), sTg, thyroid hormones and TV at each trimester showed no statistical differences.ConclusionsIodine deficiency was detected frequently in pregnant women living in iodine-adequate area. sTg concentration and TV did not correlate to UIC. Our observation also demonstrated that the Brazilian salt-iodization programme prevents deficiency, but does not maintain iodine status within adequate and recommended ranges for pregnant women.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High prevalence of iodine deficiency in pregnant women living in adequate iodine area

Mioto

Monteiro

Camargo

et al. 2018

Endocrine Connections

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“…In the 2009 survey, Erdoğan et al ( 6 ) found a significant difference among rural and urban areas in Turkey. There are many studies highlighting the difference in prevalence of ID levels in rural areas ( 18 , 19 ). Therefore, it should be noted that this study does not reflect iodine status of rural populations in Antalya.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Results of 16 Years of Iodization: Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Among School-age Children in Antalya, Turkey

Çelmeli¹,

Çürek²,

Küçükçetin³

et al. 2020

Jcrpe

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“…Sebagian besar anak yang mengonsumsi garam > 30 ppm berisiko mengalami kelebihan iodium. Hal ini didukung penelitian lain pada anak usia sekolah di Brazil yang menyebutkan anak yang kelebihan iodium diindikasikan akibat kelebihan asupan pangan sumber iodium (Campos et al, 2016). Intervensi pada anak sekolah di Semarang dan Magelang menunjukkan peningkatan status iodium menjadi kelebihan pada kelompok di daerah endemik ringan diduga akibat konsumsi sumber iodium lain selain perlakuan peneliti (Samsudin, Kusumawardani, & Prihatmi, 2015).…”

Section: Hubungan Kadar Iodium Garam Dengan Status Iodium Anakunclassified

Related Factors with School Age Children’s Iodine Status in Indonesia

Lathifah¹,

Sumarmi²

2018

JBE

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Background: The prevalence of iodine deficiency as the cause of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) in children in Indonesia increased from 12,9% in 2007 become 14,9% in 2013. The assessment of IDD is by iodine status via measuring Urine Iodine Excretion (UIE) and level of iodine salt. Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between children’s characteristics, social economic characteristics of parents, and level of iodine in salt with iodine status in school age children in Indonesia. Methods: The research design of this study was secondary data analysis. This study used data of Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) 2013. Data were analyzed by chi square, eta, and spearman correlation test. Results: The research showed that factor that there was a significant correlation with iodine status in school age children in Indonesia are children’s gender (p = 0,01), father’s education (p = 0,01; r = 0,09), mother’s education (p = 0,01; r = 0,11), father’s occupation (p = 0,01; r = 0,12), mother’s occupation (p = 0,01; r = 0,09), and level of iodine in salt (p = 0,01). Children’s age was no significant correlation with iodine status in school age children (p = 0,81). Conclusion: There was a correlation between children’s gender, social economic characteristics of parents, and level of iodine in salt with iodine status in school age children in Indonesia.

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Iodine Nutritional Status in Schoolchildren from Public Schools in Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Study Exposes Association with Socioeconomic Factors and Food Insecurity

Cited by 27 publications

References 30 publications

High prevalence of iodine deficiency in pregnant women living in adequate iodine area

High prevalence of iodine deficiency in pregnant women living in adequate iodine area

The Results of 16 Years of Iodization: Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Among School-age Children in Antalya, Turkey

Related Factors with School Age Children’s Iodine Status in Indonesia

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