Iodine status and supplementation before, during, and after pregnancy

Rodriguez-Diaz, Eduardo; Pearce, Elizabeth N.

doi:10.1016/j.beem.2020.101430

Cited by 43 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Iron [5,26,58,[68][69][70] Iodine [9,10,[71][72][73][74] Choline [25,46,[75][76][77][78] Zinc [11,79] Copper [71,[80][81][82] Creatine [76,83] Other Caffeine [5,[84][85][86][87] Gangliosides [88][89][90][91][92][93]…”

Section: Micronutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first half of gestation is dependent on the thyroid hormone, and maternal T4 is essential for neuronal migration and myelination of the fetal brain. Indeed, irreversible neurological damage develops in the absence of the thyroid hormone [72]. Fur-thermore, maternal iodine deficiency during pregnancy can cause iodine deficiency-related disorders in offspring [71].…”

Section: Iodinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multiple medical societies and governments recommend iodine supplementation during pregnancy. Although the actual suggested intake is 250 mg/day, the true intake depends on household consumption of iodized salt [72]. Other dietary sources of iodine include sea fish, shellfish, cereals, and grains [10].…”

Section: Iodinementioning

confidence: 99%

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Maternal Nutrition and Neurodevelopment: A Scoping Review

et al. 2021

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In this scoping review, we examined the association between maternal nutrition during pregnancy and neurodevelopment in offspring. We searched the Pubmed and ScienceDirect databases for articles published from 2000 to 2020 on inadequate intake of vitamins (B12, folate, vitamin D, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin K), micronutrients (cooper, iron, creatine, choline, zinc, iodine), macronutrients (fatty acids, proteins), high fat diets, ketogenic diets, hypercaloric diets, and maternal undernutrition. Some older relevant articles were included. The search produced a total of 3590 articles, and 84 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Data were extracted and analyzed using charts and the frequency of terms used. We concluded that inadequate nutrient intake during pregnancy was associated with brain defects (diminished cerebral volume, spina bifida, alteration of hypothalamic and hippocampal pathways), an increased risk of abnormal behavior, neuropsychiatric disorders (ASD, ADHD, schizophrenia, anxiety, depression), altered cognition, visual impairment, and motor deficits. Future studies should establish and quantify the benefits of maternal nutrition during pregnancy on neurodevelopment and recommend adequate supplementation.

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Section: Micronutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Iodinementioning

confidence: 99%

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Maternal Nutrition and Neurodevelopment: A Scoping Review

et al. 2021

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“…Similarly, severe excess maternal intake of iodine (800-12,000 ug/day) can cause thyroid disorders, including congenital hypothyroidism in infants [72][73][74], and although effects are often transitory, some children require levo-thyroxine due to hypothyroxinemia or persistent hyperthyrotropinemia. Such high levels are uncommon in the U.S., and in a study of 907 cases of congenital hypothyroidism and 900 controls in California (U.S.), there were no differences in median blood iodine levels nor in the distribution of it at the high or low ends, suggesting that iodine levels at birth were not a major contributing factor [75].…”

Section: Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence-Based Recommendations for an Optimal Prenatal Supplement for Women in the U.S., Part Two: Minerals

et al. 2021

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The levels of many essential minerals decrease during pregnancy if un-supplemented, including calcium, iron, magnesium, selenium, zinc, and possibly chromium and iodine. Sub-optimal intake of minerals from preconception through pregnancy increases the risk of many pregnancy complications and infant health problems. In the U.S., dietary intake of minerals is often below the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), especially for iodine and magnesium, and 28% of women develop iron deficiency anemia during their third trimester. The goal of this paper is to propose evidence-based recommendations for the optimal level of prenatal supplementation for each mineral for most women in the United States. Overall, the evidence suggests that optimal mineral supplementation can significantly reduce a wide range of pregnancy complications (including anemia, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, hyperthyroidism, miscarriage, and pre-eclampsia) and infant health problems (including anemia, asthma/wheeze, autism, cerebral palsy, hypothyroidism, intellectual disability, low birth weight, neural tube defects, preterm birth, rickets, and wheeze). An evaluation of 180 commercial prenatal supplements found that they varied widely in mineral content, often contained only a subset of essential minerals, and the levels were often below our recommendations. Therefore, there is a need to establish recommendations on the optimal level of mineral supplementation during pregnancy.

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“…When a woman is pregnant or breastfeeding, her body requires extra iodine. The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for iodine in pregnant women is between 220 and 290 micrograms (mcg), and 290 mcg for nursing mothers (2) . Pregnant women should take iodine supplements containing 150 micrograms per day, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American Thyroid Association (ATA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Urinary Iodine Level and Its Relation to Thyroid Function in Sample of Egyptian Pregnant Females in 1st Trimester

Elbaky

Nasr

Anwr

et al. 2021

Ain Shams Medical Journal

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Background: Thyroid disorders are considered the second most common endocrine disorders affecting women during their reproductive years and can impact up to 4% of all pregnancies. Of all thyroid disorders, hypothyroidism is the most prevalent, impacting approximately 2-3% of all pregnancies. Hyperthyroidism is far less prevalent, impacting approximately 0.2% of all pregnancies. Aim of the Work: To assess the level of urinary iodine in 1st trimester of pregnancy and its relation with thyroid hormones level and autoimmunity status. Subjects and Methods:To elucidate this aim 100 healthy pregnant female in their 1st trimester of pregnancy were included in the study. They were collected from Obstetrics and Gynecology Department El Demerdash hospital and Dar El shefa Hospital in the period from September, 2020 to November, 2020.Results: Median urinary iodine was 55(41.0-76.0) µg/l and their was99 females had insufficient iodine intake less than 150µg /l, one had adequate intake (150-249) µg /l and none showed more than necessary intake (250-499) µg /l or excessive intake more than 500 µg /l. As regard thyroid ultrasound there was normal Thyroid volume in 94 subjects,(94.0%)., increased volume in 6 subjects (6%). There was a Significant negative correlation between each of the following the age and the gestational age; and urinary iodine Conclusion: There was a significant iodine deficiency in pregnant women within the study area, indicating that some women may need to increase their iodine intake during pregnancy. Additionally, diagnosis and treatment of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy should be based on pregnancy and method specific reference intervals, and more detailed staging is needed to assess pregnant women's thyroid function.

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Iodine status and supplementation before, during, and after pregnancy

Cited by 43 publications

References 55 publications

Maternal Nutrition and Neurodevelopment: A Scoping Review

Maternal Nutrition and Neurodevelopment: A Scoping Review

Evidence-Based Recommendations for an Optimal Prenatal Supplement for Women in the U.S., Part Two: Minerals

Assessment of Urinary Iodine Level and Its Relation to Thyroid Function in Sample of Egyptian Pregnant Females in 1st Trimester

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