Ion emission from ferroelectrics

Šroubek, Z.

doi:10.1063/1.1290704

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…There is a voluminous literature on electron emission by pyroelectric crystals. Reference 6, a comprehensive review article and (7)(8)(9)(10)(11) are representative but none of them suggests that electron beams are emitted by such crystals. Pyroelectric crystals become electrically charged on heating or cooling and can produce electric fields at their surfaces of up to 10 6 V/cm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-focused electron beams produced by pyroelectric crystals on heating or cooling in dilute gases

Brownridge

Shafroth

2001

Applied Physics Letters

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Self-focusing, spatially stable, electron beams arising from heating up to 160 0 C and cooling to room temperature pyroelectric LiNbO 3 crystals in dilute gases have been observed for the first time. The current (up to nanoamperes) and energies (up to 170 keV) of these electron beams attained maximum values and then decreased during the cooling phase of the thermal cycle. Cylindrical crystals produced spatially stable beams with typical focal lengths of 22 mm and 1mm spot sizes. Here we present photographic as well as electronic proof of their existence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-focused electron beams produced by pyroelectric crystals on heating or cooling in dilute gases

Brownridge

Shafroth

2001

Applied Physics Letters

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“…Switched ferroelectric plasmas resulting from electron emission have been used previously in a number of applications, mainly involving high current electron emitters. Although several reports of ion production by switched ferroelectrics at reduced pressure have been published, − ambient pressure plasma formation − has not previously been used as a source of ions for ambient mass spectrometric analysis.…”

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confidence: 99%

Switched Ferroelectric Plasma Ionizer (SwiFerr) for Ambient Mass Spectrometry

Neidholdt

Beauchamp

2010

Anal. Chem.

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We present the implementation of a switched ferroelectric plasma ionizer (SwiFerr) for ambient analysis of trace substances by mass spectrometry. The device utilizes the ferroelectric properties of barium titanate (BaTiO(3)) to take advantage of the high electric field resulting from polarization switching in the material. The source comprises a [001]-oriented barium titanate crystal (5 × 5 × 1 mm) with a metallic rear electrode and a metallic grid front electrode. When a high voltage AC waveform is applied to the rear electrode to switch polarization, the resulting electric field on the face of the crystal promotes electron emission and results in plasma formation between the crystal face and the grounded grid at ambient pressure. Interaction with this plasma and the resulting reagent ions effects ionization of trace neutrals. The source requires less than 1 W of power to operate under most circumstances, ionizes molecules with acidic and basic functional groups easily, and has proven quite versatile for ambient analysis of both vapor phase and aspirated powdered solid samples. Ionization of vapor phase samples of the organics triethylamine, tripropylamine, tributylamine, and pyridine results in observation of the singly protonated species in the positive ion mass spectrum with sensitivity extending into the high ppb range. With acetic acid, deprotonated clusters dominate the negative ion mass spectrum. Aerodynamic sampling of powdered samples is used to record mass spectra of the pharmaceuticals loperamide and ibuprofen. Chemical signatures, including protonated loperamide and deprotonated ibuprofen, are observed for each drug. The robust, low power source lends itself easily to miniaturization and incorporation in field-portable devices used for the rapid detection and characterization of trace substances and hazardous materials in a range of different environments.

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Mechanism of negative ion emission from surfaces of ferroelectrics

Šroubek

2012

Surface Science

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Ion emission from ferroelectrics

Cited by 11 publications

References 6 publications

Self-focused electron beams produced by pyroelectric crystals on heating or cooling in dilute gases

Self-focused electron beams produced by pyroelectric crystals on heating or cooling in dilute gases

Switched Ferroelectric Plasma Ionizer (SwiFerr) for Ambient Mass Spectrometry

Mechanism of negative ion emission from surfaces of ferroelectrics

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