“…4 Over the last decades, Hofmeister effects have been observed ubiquitously in colloidal, nanocrystal and biological systems, including bacteria growth, 5,6 enzyme activity, [7][8][9] colloidal stability, 3,10 cation exchange equilibrium 11 and mineral dissolution. 12 These effects can influence the interactions of ions with different interfaces (metal/water, air/water, oil/water and water/solid), 13,14 as well as affect the physicochemical properties of the solution or colloids, such as activity coefficient, Zeta potential, freezing point, osmotic pressure, photoluminescence and catalytic properties. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] The widespread applicability of Hofmeister effects in different fields and their unclear origin make the clarification of the underlying mechanism one of the tremendous challenges in interfacial and colloidal science.…”