Ionic liquid electrodeposition of germanium/carbon nanotube composite anode material for lithium ion batteries

Hao, Jian; Li, Na; Ma, Xiaoxuan; Liu, Xiaoxu; Liu, Xusong; Li, Yao; Xü, Hongbo; Zhao, Jiupeng

doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2015.01.022

Cited by 35 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…There are passivation processes that are limited to a few ML, but they tend to involve the oxidation of a surface, whereas Ge was formed by reduction from a HGeO 3 – solution. The amount of Ge deposited was also a function of pH, with pH 9.0 resulting in the highest Ge coverage. ,, The limited reactivity of Ge ions has been documented in studies using nonaqueous media as well. , There have been a number of studies concerning Ge electrodeposition since 1950. ,,− Among them are in situ EC-STM studies by Enders et al , in which they grew Ge in ionic liquids and nonaqueous solutions. ,, The studies presented here involved aqueous solutions, which greatly simplified the Ge deposition as highly pure water is readily available.…”

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confidence: 92%

Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopic Study of the Potential Dependence of Germanene Growth on Au(111) at pH 9.0

et al. 2017

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Germanene is a 2D material whose structure and properties are of great interest for integration with Si technology. Preparation of germanene experimentally remains a challenge because, unlike graphene, bulk germanene does not exist. Thus, germanene cannot be directly exfoliated and is mostly grown in ultrahigh vacuum. The present report uses electrodeposition in an aqueous HGeO solution at pH 9. Germanene deposition has been limited to 2-3 monolayers, thus greatly restricting many applicable characterization methods. The in situ technique of electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy was used to follow Ge deposition on Au(111) as a function of potential. Previous work by this group at pH 4.5 suggested germanene growth, but no buffer was used, resulting in change in surface pH. The addition of borate buffer to create pH 9.0 solution has reduced hydrogen formation and stabilized the surface pH, allowing systematic characterization of germanene growth versus potential. Initial germanene nucleated at defects in the Au(111) herringbone (HB) reconstruction. Subsequent growth proceeded down the face-centered cubic troughs, slowly relaxing the HB. The resulting honeycomb (HC) structure displayed an average lattice constant of 0.41 ± 0.06 nm. Continued growth resulted in the addition of a second layer on top, formed initially by nucleating around small islands and subsequent lateral 2D growth. Near atomic resolution of the germanene layers displayed small coherent domains, 2-3 nm, of the HC structure composed of six-membered rings. Domain walls were based on defective, five- and seven-membered rings, which resulted in small rotations between adjacent HC domains.

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confidence: 92%

Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopic Study of the Potential Dependence of Germanene Growth on Au(111) at pH 9.0

et al. 2017

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“…Fundamentally, Ge electrodes pose a critical structural problem of considerable volume change (>300% for fully lithiated states) during the Li alloying/dealloying processes which is the same limitation of the Si and Sn electrodes, causing the severe loss of the capacity from the induced heavy mechanical stress in the crystal structure of Ge. Therefore, to secure the structural stability and enhanced electrochemical properties of the Ge electrode, the various strategies have shown vast research progress based on structural control ,,− and complex nanostructures with carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene/reduced graphene oxides, carbon nanofibers, and mesoporous carbon. , The complex nanostructures with the carbon-based materials can act as a stable buffer matrix, suppressing the volume expansion of the Ge electrode during the Li alloying/dealloying processes and as a conducting medium to improve the electrical conductivity of electrodes. ,− Especially, one-dimensional carbon nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers are highly promising candidates because of their high electrical conductivity and surface area and superior buffer matrix structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Synthesis and Characterization of Ge Embedded Electrospun Carbon Nanostructures as High Performance Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lee

Kim

et al. 2016

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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While active materials based on germanium (Ge) are considered as a promising alternative anodic electrode due to their relatively high reversible capacity and excellent lithium-ion diffusivity, the quite unstable structural/electrochemical stability and severe volume expansion or pulverization problems of Ge electrodes remain a considerable challenge in lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Here, we present the development of Ge embedded in one-dimensional carbon nanostructures (Ge/CNs) synthesized by the modified in situ electrospinning technique using a mixed electrospun solution consisting of a Ge precursor as an active material source and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as a carbon source. The as-prepared Ge/CNs exhibit superior lithium ion behavior properties, i.e., highly reversible specific capacity, rate performance, Li ion diffusion coefficient, and superior cyclic stability (capacity retention: 85% at 200 mA g(-1)) during Li alloying/dealloying processes. These properties are due to the high electrical conductivity and unique structures containing well-embedded Ge nanoparticles (NPs) and a one-dimensional carbon nanostructure as a buffer medium, which is related to the volume expansion of Ge NPs. Thus, it is expected that the Ge/CNs can be utilized as a promising alternative anodic material in LIBs.

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“…This could be due to better electrode/electrolyte contact and higher surface area of the Ge nanotubes. Hao et al 132 electrodeposited Ge nanotubes from [EMIm]TFSA on carbon nanotube to form a Ge nanotube-carbon composite. The capacity over 100 cycles was shown to be 810 mAh g −1 at 0.2 C which was less than the capacity obtained for electrodeposited 3DOM and Ge nanotube structures.…”

Section: Fe(t E A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Review—Electrodeposition of Nanostructured Materials from Aqueous, Organic and Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Li-Ion and Na-Ion Batteries: A Comparative Review

Lahiri

Endres

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The need for a simple and versatile technique to develop various nanostructures for use in energy storage devices is in great demand. Electrodeposition is a versatile technique for developing various nanostructures on different substrates which can be directly used as battery electrodes. Thin film nanostructures, nanowires/nanotubes, core-shell and porous nanostructures, and three-dimensional ordered macroporous (3DOM) structures have been developed electrochemically and have shown better battery cycle lives, high charge/discharge capabilities as well as good capacity retention, sometimes at par or better than other synthesis techniques. This review highlights the synthesis of various nanostructures for use as battery electrodes for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries from aqueous, organic and ionic liquid electrolytes. In particular, we will highlight how ionic liquids have motivated the development of different intermetallic alloys and semiconductor nanostructures which have been applied in both Li-ion and Na-ion batteries.

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Ionic liquid electrodeposition of germanium/carbon nanotube composite anode material for lithium ion batteries

Cited by 35 publications

References 23 publications

Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopic Study of the Potential Dependence of Germanene Growth on Au(111) at pH 9.0

Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopic Study of the Potential Dependence of Germanene Growth on Au(111) at pH 9.0

In Situ Synthesis and Characterization of Ge Embedded Electrospun Carbon Nanostructures as High Performance Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Review—Electrodeposition of Nanostructured Materials from Aqueous, Organic and Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Li-Ion and Na-Ion Batteries: A Comparative Review

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