Ionic Liquid Immobilized on Graphene‐Oxide‐Containing Palladium Metal Ions as an Efficient Catalyst for the Alkoxy, Amino, and Phenoxy Carbonylation Reactions

Abstract

The Immobilization of homogeneous metal catalysts onto the solid surface is an important challenge in the field of catalysis because these types of catalysts provide the homogeneous nature as well as reusability of catalysts. In this report, novel Palladium ion containing ionic liquid immobilized onto graphene oxide (Pd@GOIL) and characterized using various analytical techniques like FT‐IR, XPS, TGA, SEM, TEM, BET and EXAFS analysis. This synthesized material acts as a highly efficient catalyst for the alkoxycarbonylation, aminocarbonylation and phenoxycarbonylation reactions from easily available aryl iodides. Effect of various reaction parameters like CO pressure, base, solvent, the effect of time and temperature using Pd@GOIL catalyst were examined. This catalyst also tolerates the wide variety of substrates with the effective electronic factor. Specifically, this catalyst shows excellent catalytic performance towards the esterification and amidation without the need of any ligands, co‐catalysts and additives. Additionally, the catalyst shows superior recyclability up to eight recycle runs without discernible activity and selectivity deterioration.

Modified Nanocarbons for Catalysis

“…XPS analysis of the spent catalyst revealed that the degree of reduction increased up to 57 %. Material 137 was also used as support of Pd(II) species by ion exchange with PdCl 2 giving rise to hybrid 139 that was applied as efficient catalyst for alkoxy, amino, and phenoxy carbonylation reactions (Scheme ) . Carbonylation reactions were tested with a very broad substrate scope and it was possible to synthesize esters and amides under mild reaction conditions.…”

Amine-Functionalized Graphene Oxide-Stabilized Pd Nanoparticles (Pd@APGO): A Novel and Efficient Catalyst for the Suzuki and Carbonylative Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reactions

“…The biaryl ketones are very important structural scaffolds found in a wide variety of the molecules. Among the various methods reported for the synthesis of biaryl ketones, carbonylative Suzuki–Miyaura coupling by using carbon monoxide (CO) as the C1 source is considered as the most prominent method because of the wide functional group tolerance. , Number of homogeneous and heterogeneous palladium-based catalysts are well-documented in literature. , By considering the high activity of synthesized Pd@APGO catalyst for the synthesis of biaryls, we applied for the synthesis of biaryl ketones by using CO, aryl halides, and aryl boronic acids. Initially, CO (2 bar), aryl iodide c (1 mmol), phenylboronic acid b (1.2 mmol), Pd@APGO (5 mg), anisole (10 mL), and K 2 CO 3 (1.5 mmol) were utilized for the synthesis of biaryl ketones 16 at 80 °C.…”

“…40,41 Number of homogeneous and heterogeneous palladium-based catalysts are well-documented in literature. 42,43 By considering the high activity of synthesized Pd@APGO catalyst for the synthesis of biaryls, we applied for the synthesis of biaryl ketones by using CO, aryl halides, and aryl boronic acids. Initially, CO (2 bar), aryl iodide c (1 mmol), phenylboronic acid b (1.2 mmol), Pd@ APGO (5 mg), anisole (10 mL), and K 2 CO 3 (1.5 mmol) were utilized for the synthesis of biaryl ketones 16 at 80 °C.…”

Recent Advances in Ionic Liquids and Ionic Liquid-Functionalized Graphene: Catalytic Application and Environmental Remediation

“…Protic ILs have been used as acid catalysts to hydrolyze and dehydrate carbohydrates derived from biomass into renewable chemical platforms such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), levulinic acid (LA), and furfural (FUR) [ 14 ]. There are various means of loading ILs onto different carrier materials, such as magnetic nanoparticles [ 15 , 16 ], graphene [ 17 ], molecular sieves [ 17 ], metal skeletons, etc. Various types of supported functional ILs (SFILs) have been prepared, which, in addition to providing a good ionic environment, form strong interactions with the reaction substrate, resulting in better catalytic effects.…”