Abstract:Stimulated devices are highly demanded for actuators and artificial muscles in the recent era but susceptible to low deformation at an applied voltage. In the present work, ionic liquids (ILs) based gel films were prepared from the polyvinyl chloride (PVC), dibutyl adipate (DBA), 1-butyl, 3-methimidazolium chloride, and 1-pentyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate by a simple solvent evaporation method. The structural, morphological, optical, and mechanical properties of the composite PVC/ILs gel were char… Show more
“…5 a to have the largest displacement of the three with substantial increased contraction over P4 with the same electrode configuration. P4-IL1 showed improvement over the unmodified gel as well, both results are consistent with previous studies showing better actuation performance for gels with conductive fillers 19 , 21 , 23 . Figure 5 ( a ) Contraction of a mesh actuator for gels with different additive content.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 92%
“…The ions are able to dissociate and relax at higher frequencies than the ions and injected charges present in the unmodified gels alone. This leads to ILs having slightly larger deformation, but much faster actuation at lower voltages as reported upon previously by multiple other groups 19 – 21 . The electrode polarization time and maximum apparent permittivity are found through the fitting of a Cole–Cole equation to the tan( δ ) spectra of the gels and can be seen in Table 2 .…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 80%
“…CNTs by contrast, saw an improvement in the electrostatic adhesion over pure PVC gels. The CBFs appear to give larger displacement and faster response times, in addition to increased electrostatic force production and all at a higher material modulus indicates that they may be preferable over ionic liquids in most actuation applications 21 – 23 . One caveat to this takeaway is that ILs do increase the transparency of the PVC gel, while CBFs, by their nature, absorb visible light (Images of PVC gels and UV–Vis spectrum of P4 and P4-IL1 gels can be seen Supplementary Figures S3 and S4 , respectively) 21 .…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The CBFs appear to give larger displacement and faster response times, in addition to increased electrostatic force production and all at a higher material modulus indicates that they may be preferable over ionic liquids in most actuation applications 21 – 23 . One caveat to this takeaway is that ILs do increase the transparency of the PVC gel, while CBFs, by their nature, absorb visible light (Images of PVC gels and UV–Vis spectrum of P4 and P4-IL1 gels can be seen Supplementary Figures S3 and S4 , respectively) 21 . This indicates that ILs may be uniquely suited as performance-enhancing additives for PVC gels in optical applications, which is a primary area of research in the field, and one of the most promising.…”
The electromechanical actuation of transparent plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gels with conductive fillers were studied. The effects of functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim]BF4) ionic liquid (IL) on both the electrical conduction and dielectric processes within PVC gels were investigated, and the differences between the two were clarified. Both CNTs and IL were shown to increase the conductivity of the gels and produce larger electromechanical transduction of a contraction actuator, but only CNTs were shown to increase the electrostatic adhesion force of the PVC gels. The addition of charge carriers to the gel via the inclusion of ILs was shown to significantly reduce the conductivity relaxation time, and the transient current upon voltage polarity reversal indicated multiple peaks corresponding to the introduction of carriers with different polarities and mobilities into the gel. This is believed to cause a screening effect, reducing the charge accumulation at the anode that is the foundational basis for PVC gels’ actuation mechanism. A recommendation for preferable conductive fillers for various applications is made.
“…5 a to have the largest displacement of the three with substantial increased contraction over P4 with the same electrode configuration. P4-IL1 showed improvement over the unmodified gel as well, both results are consistent with previous studies showing better actuation performance for gels with conductive fillers 19 , 21 , 23 . Figure 5 ( a ) Contraction of a mesh actuator for gels with different additive content.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 92%
“…The ions are able to dissociate and relax at higher frequencies than the ions and injected charges present in the unmodified gels alone. This leads to ILs having slightly larger deformation, but much faster actuation at lower voltages as reported upon previously by multiple other groups 19 – 21 . The electrode polarization time and maximum apparent permittivity are found through the fitting of a Cole–Cole equation to the tan( δ ) spectra of the gels and can be seen in Table 2 .…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 80%
“…CNTs by contrast, saw an improvement in the electrostatic adhesion over pure PVC gels. The CBFs appear to give larger displacement and faster response times, in addition to increased electrostatic force production and all at a higher material modulus indicates that they may be preferable over ionic liquids in most actuation applications 21 – 23 . One caveat to this takeaway is that ILs do increase the transparency of the PVC gel, while CBFs, by their nature, absorb visible light (Images of PVC gels and UV–Vis spectrum of P4 and P4-IL1 gels can be seen Supplementary Figures S3 and S4 , respectively) 21 .…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The CBFs appear to give larger displacement and faster response times, in addition to increased electrostatic force production and all at a higher material modulus indicates that they may be preferable over ionic liquids in most actuation applications 21 – 23 . One caveat to this takeaway is that ILs do increase the transparency of the PVC gel, while CBFs, by their nature, absorb visible light (Images of PVC gels and UV–Vis spectrum of P4 and P4-IL1 gels can be seen Supplementary Figures S3 and S4 , respectively) 21 . This indicates that ILs may be uniquely suited as performance-enhancing additives for PVC gels in optical applications, which is a primary area of research in the field, and one of the most promising.…”
The electromechanical actuation of transparent plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gels with conductive fillers were studied. The effects of functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim]BF4) ionic liquid (IL) on both the electrical conduction and dielectric processes within PVC gels were investigated, and the differences between the two were clarified. Both CNTs and IL were shown to increase the conductivity of the gels and produce larger electromechanical transduction of a contraction actuator, but only CNTs were shown to increase the electrostatic adhesion force of the PVC gels. The addition of charge carriers to the gel via the inclusion of ILs was shown to significantly reduce the conductivity relaxation time, and the transient current upon voltage polarity reversal indicated multiple peaks corresponding to the introduction of carriers with different polarities and mobilities into the gel. This is believed to cause a screening effect, reducing the charge accumulation at the anode that is the foundational basis for PVC gels’ actuation mechanism. A recommendation for preferable conductive fillers for various applications is made.
“…The simple steps of dissolving in organic solvents, adding plasticizers to plasticize, and then drying to remove the volatile organic components result in a soft colloidal structure with mechanical strength varying with the content of plasticizers. , However, a more stable fluorinated PVC material has also been used to improve the thermal stability of the material and has been applied to a PVC gel system to enhance the performance. At the same time, the polarity of halogen atoms also increased its actuation effect. , It was found that elaborating on the relevant deformation principles with Raman tests could provide a clear characterization and interpretation of the response process. , …”
Recently, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gel materials appeared promising for developing actuators, artificial muscles, and sensors. However, their energized response time and recovery limitations restrict their broader applications. Herein, a novel soft composite gel was prepared by mixing functionalized carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (CCNs) and plasticized PVC. The surface morphology of the plasticized PVC/CCNs composite gel was characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The prepared PVC/CCNs gel composites have increased polarity and electrical actuation with a fast response time. Experimental results demonstrated good response characteristics within the actuator model with a multilayer electrode structure when stimulated with a specified DC voltage (1000 V), with deformation of approximately 36.7%. Moreover, this PVC/CCNs gel has excellent tensile elongation, and the elongation at break of the PVC/CCNs gel is greater than the elongation at break of the pure PVC gel under the same thickness conditions. However, these PVC/CCNs composite gels showed excellent properties and development potential and are directed for broad applications in actuators, soft-robotics, and biomedical applications.
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