“…On the other hand, several enterprise interoperability frameworks have been proposed in the literature (Chen et al, 2008 ), such as LISI (Levels of Information Systems Interoperability) (C4ISR, 1998 ), IDEAS interoperability framework (IDEAS, 2002 ), ATHENA interoperability framework (AIF) (ATHENA, 2003 ), Framework for Enterprise Interoperability (FEI), Big Data Value (BDV) Reference Model (BDVA, 2017 ), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and Big Data Interoperability Framework (NIST, 2019 ). In addition, during the last years, new domain-specific interoperability frameworks have been proposed, such as the European Interoperability Framework (EIF) (EIF, 2017 ), the Internet of Things-based interoperability framework for fleet management (Backman et al, 2016 ), the Smart City Interoperability Framework (Ahn et al, 2016 ), the interoperability framework for software as service systems in cloud (Rezaei et al, 2014 ), the International Image Interoperability Framework (Snydman et al, 2015 ), and the conceptual interoperability framework for large-scale systems (Selway et al, 2017 ). Overall, the enterprise interoperability frameworks can be seen in the frame of three main layers (Romero and Vernadat, 2016 ; Leal et al, 2020 ; Technical, Semantic, and Organizational).…”