Iris surface deformation and normalization

Thainimit, Somying; Alexandre, Luı́s A.; Almeida, Vasco

doi:10.1109/iscit.2013.6645910

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…We employed PointGrey Dragonfly2 cameras in 1024x768 resolution with fixed-focus 4mm lenses, which produce images of the iris with 20 pixels in diameter when the subject is at 60cm. Knowing that the average diameter of the iris [14] is similar in size to the average eye radius (12mm) [15], then one pixel difference in the middle of the iris corresponds to about 3 degrees difference in gaze. Thus our accuracy is greatly influenced by the hardware used.…”

Section: Approach and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye tracking for human robot interaction

Palinko

Sandini

Sciutti

2016

Proceedings of the Ninth Biennial ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research &Amp; Applications

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Humans use eye gaze in their daily interaction with other humans. Humanoid robots, on the other hand, have not yet taken full advantage of this form of implicit communication. We designed a passive monocular gaze tracking system implemented on the iCub humanoid robot [Metta et al. 2008]. The validation of the system proved that it is a viable low-cost, calibration-free gaze tracking solution for humanoid platforms, with a mean absolute error of about 5 degrees on horizontal angle estimates. We also demonstrated the applicability of our system to human-robot collaborative tasks, showing that the eye gaze reading ability can enable successful implicit communication between humans and the robot

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Section: Approach and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye tracking for human robot interaction

Palinko

Sandini

Sciutti

2016

Proceedings of the Ninth Biennial ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research &Amp; Applications

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“…The sclera covers 1 and 2 cm² versus the body's 16,000-18,000 cm². Pupils vary 1-8 mm; the average iris diameter is 12 mm [79]. Interestingly, the pupil is slightly nasal-shifted, a detail noted by animators, as seen in films like Pixar's Elemental (2023).…”

Section: Act 4: the Curse Of Vodi (Valley Of Darwinian Impossibility)mentioning

confidence: 97%

Darwin’s road not taken: white sclera, shared intentionality, niche construction, predator fear, teams and Homo origins

Skoyles

2023

Preprint

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Palaeoanthropologists have yet to pinpoint how Homo evolved from Australopithecus. I propose niche construction ending predator ambush and stalking attacks, white sclera, and ultrafast team cognition were key.Human white sclera allows the quick, distant detection of line-of-sight. This is unique. In other primates, predators eliminate conspicuous-eyed individuals. Consequently, nonhuman primates have coloured sclera, hiding gaze direction broadcasting. Recognizing line-of-sight split-second from a distance enables the ultrafast detection of attention shifts that support intercoupling cognitions (cognitive alignment, shared intentionality, and split-second coordination). Under certain conditions, such split-second coordinated teams can niche construct predator-shunning safe habitats. Once shunning replaces hunting, it stops white sclera targeting, allowing it to persist.Constructing predator-safe habitats ended the “landscape of fear” that limited Australopithecus foraging, health, and cognitive/cultural development. Once shunned and freed from fear, these safe habitats allowed previously “wheel-clamped” cognitive potentials, including social learning, to flourish, revolutionizing hominin capacity for cultural evolution and cumulative culture. Thus, predator-safe niche construction transfigured Australopithecus’s phenotype into Homo. White-eyed australopiths, I argue, were the first humans.

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“…The aperture of ƒ/1.8 along with a minimum angle of resolution of 45°and a depth of focus of 0.0574 mm (57.4 μm) allows for distinguishing between different planes of the anterior segment, antero-posteriorly, with a minimum distance of 57.4 μm between them. [12][13][14][15] An Air Force (AF) resolution test card (U. S. Air Force 1951, Edmund Optics, Inc, Barrington, NJ) was used to test the spatial resolution in specific magnification on the PSL D20 and compared the same to the resolution of two standard slit lamps (Labomed America Inc., Feasterville, PA, and Inami & Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) using an anterior imaging and photodocumentation device, the Anterior Imaging Module (AIM) attached to the desktop slit lamp (Remidio Innovative Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Performance Characterization of a Novel, Smartphone-Based, Portable Digital Slit Lamp for Anterior Segment Screening Using Telemedicine

Dutt

Nagarajan

Vadivel

et al. 2021

Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech.

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Telemedicine-enabled, portable digital slit lamps can help to decentralize screening to close-to-patient contexts. We report a novel design for a portable, digital slit lamp using a smartphone. It works on an advanced optical design and has the capability of instantaneous, objective photodocumentation to capture anterior segment images and is telemedicine-enabled. Methods:The device is constructed keeping its usability and the importance of design ergonomics for nonspecialized field personnel in mind. The optical design is described, and the resolution and magnification are compared with traditional desktop-based slit lamps. A Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-compliant, patient management software is integrated to synchronize the captured images with a secure cloud server along with a sharpness algorithm to extract the best focused frames of the cornea, iris, and lens, from videos. We demonstrate its photodocumentation ability and teleophthalmology feasibility by capturing images in a pilot study from nine subjects.Results: Images were obtained in various illumination, magnification, and filter settings. Synchronous and asynchronous teleophthalmology consults were conducted. The performance of the device was shown to be limited by the smartphone sensor resolution and not the optical design, because the Air Force target resolution was found to be the same on smartphone-mounted traditional slit lamps despite a lower magnification. Conclusions:The novel, portable, digital slit lamp with advanced optical design using smartphones has the ability to screen for anterior segment pathologies using telemedicine.Translational Relevance: A portable, telemedicine-friendly, ergonomically designed, slit lamp used by nonspecialist personnel allows for both synchronous and asynchronous modes of consultation at remote locations, facilitating mass screening programs.

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Iris surface deformation and normalization

Cited by 13 publications

References 13 publications

Eye tracking for human robot interaction

Eye tracking for human robot interaction

Darwin’s road not taken: white sclera, shared intentionality, niche construction, predator fear, teams and Homo origins

Design and Performance Characterization of a Novel, Smartphone-Based, Portable Digital Slit Lamp for Anterior Segment Screening Using Telemedicine

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