Iron and Sulfur Related Colors in Ancient Glasses

Schreurs, J. W. H.; Brill, Robert H.

doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1984.tb00334.x

Cited by 107 publications

(89 citation statements)

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“…37 Manganese was added to ancient glasses to remove the green colour caused by iron impurities through reduction, and an excess of manganese results in plum-coloured glass (Mn 3C ). In the case of the plum-coloured Mapungubwe oblate beads, Mn as well as a small amount of lead tin yellow type II (perhaps to enhance the colour or contamination) was detected (Table 1).…”

Section: Pigmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Raman spectroscopic study of the Mapungubwe oblates: glass trade beads excavated at an Iron Age archaeological site in South Africa

Prinsloo

Colomban

2007

J Raman Spectroscopy

111

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Oblate seed beads (2-4 mm) excavated on Mapungubwe hill, an Iron Age site in South Africa, were analysed with Raman microscopy and supportive techniques to determine the glass technology and pigments used to produce the beads. The Raman spectra and XRF analysis of the beads classify the glass as a typical soda/lime/potash glass similar to Islamic glass from the 8th century (Ommayad), but with higher levels of aluminium, iron and magnesium. The turquoise, bright green, bright yellow and orange colours were obtained by utilizing a combination of cassiterite (SnO 2 ) and lead tin yellow type II (PbSn 1−x Si x O 3 ). Doping with cobalt and manganese produced dark blue and plum-coloured beads. The Fe-S chromophore was detected through its resonance-enhanced spectrum in the black beads. Corrosion of the black beads was investigated and an organic phase detected on the beads, which might have influenced the corrosion process. This detailed profile of the glass technology used to produce the Mapungubwe oblates might eventually help to determine their provenance.

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Section: Pigmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Raman spectroscopic study of the Mapungubwe oblates: glass trade beads excavated at an Iron Age archaeological site in South Africa

Prinsloo

Colomban

2007

J Raman Spectroscopy

111

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“…Opaque and translucent glasses arise from impurities. One of the predominant impurities was Fe 2+ which gives a greenish hue to glasses [16,17]. Craftsmen discovered that adding antimony [17] and manganese oxide [16] causes the transformation of Fe 2+ into Fe 3+ which provides a much lighter yellow hue.…”

Section: Glass History: a Brief Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the predominant impurities was Fe 2+ which gives a greenish hue to glasses [16,17]. Craftsmen discovered that adding antimony [17] and manganese oxide [16] causes the transformation of Fe 2+ into Fe 3+ which provides a much lighter yellow hue. It should be further noted that the hue also depends on the valence and coordination number of Mn [16].…”

Section: Glass History: a Brief Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Craftsmen discovered that adding antimony [17] and manganese oxide [16] causes the transformation of Fe 2+ into Fe 3+ which provides a much lighter yellow hue. It should be further noted that the hue also depends on the valence and coordination number of Mn [16]. Mn +3 results in a purplish hue, and Mn +2 results in a yellowish hue [16,18].…”

Section: Glass History: a Brief Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent progress to understand stress corrosion cracking in sodium borosilicate glasses: linking the chemical composition to structural, physical and fracture properties

Rountree¹

2017

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Recent IntroductionOxide glasses are among the oldest industrial materials known to man, and they are widely used due to their advantageous properties: transparency, low thermal expansion, high melting point temperature, relative inertness, etc. Yet, oxide glasses are not without significant shortcomings. In par ticular, they remain inherently brittle, despite significant scientific ingenuity to overcome this drawback. Moreover, they undergo abrupt catastrophic failure. Frequently, post-mortem failure studies reveal material flaws which were propagating via stress corrosion cracking. Understanding and predicting the growth of such flaws under sub-critical crack propagation remains a hurdle for scientists. Furthermore, how the basic glass network (i.e. the interconnect of the glass structure) dictates the physical, mechanical and stress corrosion cracking AbstractThis topical review is dedicated to understanding stress corrosion cracking in oxide glasses and specifically the SiO 2 B 2 O 3 Na 2 O (SBN) ternary glass systems. Many review papers already exist on the topic of stress corrosion cracking in complex oxide glasses or overly simplified glasses (pure silica). These papers look at how systematically controlling environmental factors (pH, temperature...) alter stress corrosion cracking, while maintaining the same type of glass sample. Many questions still exist, including: What sets the environmental limit? What sets the velocity versus stress intensity factor in the slow stress corrosion regime (Region I)? Can researchers optimize these two effects to enhance a glass' resistance to failure? To help answer these questions, this review takes a different approach. It looks at how systemically controlling the glass' chemical composition alters the structure and physical properties. These changes are then compared and contrasted to the fracture toughness and the stress corrosion cracking properties. By taking this holistic approach, researchers can begin to understand the controlling factors in stress corrosion cracking and how to optimize glasses via the initial chemical composition.

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“…These elements can be studied to understand technological processes involved in the making of glass. Sulphur concentrations can be an indicator of the chemical properties giving the glass its colour and the redox conditions of the furnace (Schreurs and Brill, 1984;Beerkens, 2003;Freestone and Stapleton, 2015), whereas chlorine concentrations serve as a marker of repeated melting or recycling (Al-Bashaireh et al, 2016), the addition of salt as a raw material (Gerth, Wedepohl and Heide, 1998;Wedepohl, 2003), and the melting temperature of the glass (Rehren, 2000). Both elements are also related to deterioration processes (Schreiner et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Corning Archaeological Reference Glasses: New Values for “Old” Compositions

Adlington

2017

Papers From the Institute of Archaeology

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The Corning Archaeological Reference Glasses are widely used as standards in the chemical analysis of archaeological and historical glasses, as their compositions were designed to approximate those of major glass types in antiquity. Since their development in the 1960s, their compositions have been revisited and updated. This paper provides a brief overview of the Corning glasses, and addresses two of the last three elements to be re-evaluated: the recommended values for the concentrations of SO 3 and Cl were, until now, based on theoretical values. Data for these elements were collected using electron microprobe, and used together with published data to suggest new values. Finally, a complete list with the most up-to-date compositions for the four Corning glasses is compiled for the benefit of other analysts.

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Iron and Sulfur Related Colors in Ancient Glasses

Cited by 107 publications

References 1 publication

A Raman spectroscopic study of the Mapungubwe oblates: glass trade beads excavated at an Iron Age archaeological site in South Africa

A Raman spectroscopic study of the Mapungubwe oblates: glass trade beads excavated at an Iron Age archaeological site in South Africa

Recent progress to understand stress corrosion cracking in sodium borosilicate glasses: linking the chemical composition to structural, physical and fracture properties

The Corning Archaeological Reference Glasses: New Values for “Old” Compositions

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