The Ni0-catalyzed borylation of fluorobenzene
(PhF)
was theoretically investigated. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations
disclosed that the Ph–F bond activation occurred heterolytically
via an unprecedented nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction (SNAr) assisted by an sp2–sp3 diboron
complex [B2nep2·(OPh)]‑Na+, which forms a Ni0-ate complex as an active
species. The diboron-ate complex stabilizes the transition state of
the Ph–F bond activation through three interactions, a Ni···O
coordination, a Na+···F cationic dipole
interaction, and a charge transfer arising from NaOPh. On the other
hand, the Ph–F bond activation catalyzed by Ni0(dcpe)
and Ni0(PCy3)2 complexes has also
been studied to allow a comparison between the monophosphine and bisphosphine
ligands. Results suggest that Ni0(PCy3)2 is less effective than Ni0(dcpe) for the concerted
oxidative addition of the Ph–F bond because the Ni dπ orbital of Ni0(PCy3)2 is at a lower
energy level than that of Ni0(dcpe) in the equilibrium
geometry. The characteristic molecular orbital features of Ni0-catalyzed Ph–F bond activation via both the nucleophilic
aromatic substitution reaction (heterolytic) and the concerted oxidative
addition (homolytic) were theoretically disclosed.