Iron content (PIXE) in competent and incompetent veins is related to the vein wall morphology and tissue antioxidant enzymes

A comparative study on the lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant status in patients with and without varicose veins

“…5 Krzysciak W et al denounced that local iron overload lead due to RBC extravasation in CVI resulted in oxidative stress causing VV, the study analyzed TBARS and GPX levels in competent and incompetent regions of the Vein stripped during surgery showed statistically significant levels of TBARS and GPX in the latter group. 6 Therefore, the present study is designed to evaluate the total antioxidant status and other antioxidant studies to evaluate the same as biomarkers of oxidative stress in varicose veins. Hence, the review of literature for our study has helped in establishing a yardstick in terms of the qualitative analysis, sample size, feasibility of the analysis with the future prospective of use of these Biochemical parameters as a global stress index for varicose veins.…”

Venous insufficiency: Differences in the content of trace elements. A preliminary report

“…Even though only a few articles dealing with a similar subject were found, the results obtained in this study were consistent with the data in the existing literature. 6,15 The iron ion levels were the highest detected, but the difference between altered and normal veins was not statistically significant.…”

“…The pioneer study of ferrous content in veins was performed by Krzyściak et al 6 One of the mechanisms involved in chronic venous disease is the destructive effect of free oxygen and free nitrogen radicals. The authors showed that Fe ions were involved in the oxidative damage mechanism which caused tissue altering via the Fenton reaction.…”

“…5 It has been suggested that this process is connected with activated MMPs or free radicals. [5][6][7] There is also a hypothesis that iron is not a direct cause of venous abnormalities, but only a factor which intensifies the autoimmune response.…”

Do Blood Constituents in Varicose Veins Differ From the Systemic Blood Constituents?

“…One of the studies showed that iron deposits in varicose veins and tissue oxidative state measured by proton induced X-ray emission spectroscopy correlate with iron deposition, and this is related to oxidative stress, which could influence the progression of chronic venous disease. 8 However, the role of local changes in blood constituents in disease progression and development of complications in varicose veins has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the levels of markers of inflammation and of coagulation/fibrinolysis in varicose veins with systemic levels (the blood taken from cubital veins).…”