Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia Are Common Epidemiological Conditions in Saudi Arabia: Report of the National Epidemiological Survey

Owaidah, Tarek; Al‐Numair, Nouf S.; Al-Suliman, Ayman; Zolaly, Mohammed; Hasanato, Rana; Zahrani, Faisal Al; Albalawi, Mohameed; Bashawri, Layla; Siddiqui, Khawar; Alalaf, Faisal; Almomen, Abdulkareem; Sajid, Muhammad Raihan

doi:10.1155/2020/6642568

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Our findings indicate that approximately one-third of Saudi adults exhibit iron deficiency (23.2%), consistent with that reported in the literature [ 38 ], but higher than the global estimates [ 4 , 38 ]. Hwalla et al [ 15 ] reported that in the Middle East the second highest prevalence of anemia in women of childbearing age was found in Saudi Arabia (40%), followed by Egypt (47.2%).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…In our findings, iron deficiency significantly differed based on age and sex, with women exhibiting a higher prevalence of iron deficiency than men (41.2% vs. 10.9%, respectively). This result was observed nationally [ 38 ], regionally [ 15 ], and internationally [ 4 ]. Furthermore, age differences exist in iron deficiency prevalence, particularly demonstrating a higher prevalence in young than in older adults; this is consistent with the results of other studies [ 4 , 15 , 39 , 40 , 41 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

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The Prevalence of Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies and High Levels of Non-Essential Heavy Metals in Saudi Arabian Adults

et al. 2022

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Although the micronutrient status of a population is of high national priority, as it critically impacts public health, limited data is available for quantifying the micronutrient status in Saudi Arabia. We aimed to provide comprehensive, epidemiological, descriptive data regarding micronutrient levels in Saudi adults. This cross-sectional study included 3432 adults aged ≥ 18 years (mean age, 37.7 ± 11.7 years; women, 51.2%) across all 13 Saudi administrative regions (March 2019–November 2021). Laboratory data for 14 micronutrients (8 vitamins, 4 minerals, and 2 nonessential heavy metals) were characterized using descriptive analysis. Vitamin D deficiency (64.3%) was the most prevalent, followed by vitamin B2 (44.9%) and A (9.6%) deficiencies. Among minerals, iron deficiency was the most prevalent (23.2%), followed by zinc (15.3%) and copper (8.7%) deficiencies. Most Saudi adults exhibited normal arsenic (99.7%) and mercury (99.9%) levels. Men exhibited significantly higher vitamin B2, B9, and D deficiencies than women, while women exhibited higher vitamin A, B12, iron, and zinc deficiencies than men. Younger adults demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence of vitamin D and iron deficiencies, whereas older adults exhibited a higher prevalence of vitamin B1 and magnesium deficiencies. As micronutrient deficiencies are a public health concern, health policies and programs need to be developed and implemented to address them.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

The Prevalence of Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies and High Levels of Non-Essential Heavy Metals in Saudi Arabian Adults

et al. 2022

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“…As previously stated, iron deficiency anemia is the most common hematological problem, particularly among women during their reproductive years, and it is a global issue [23][24][25]. Many studies have centered on the prevalence of anemia among Saudi females [26,27]. The present study aims to support an alternative natural nutritional source, namely raisins, to treat iron deficiency anemia induced in the rat model by repeated chronic bleeding.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Black Raisins Improved Experimentally Induced Iron Deficiency Anemia. Biochemical and Histological Evidence

Zaid

Abduljawad

Aljadani

et al. 2021

JPRI

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Iron deficiency anemia is a challenging clinical problem with a profound impact on general health. Administration of iron-containing preparations were reported to be associated with many side effects. The current study aimed to evaluate black raisins’ therapeutic role against experimentally induced iron deficiency anemia in rats. Forty female rats were divided into 4 groups (n=10); control, anemia, anemia + iron, and anemia + raisins. Anemia was induced by bleeding and an iron-deficient diet for 4 weeks. Anemic rats were treated with ferric sulfate (200 mg/kg) or raisin extract (375 mg/kg) daily for 12 weeks. Complete blood count (CBC), blood films, body weight, splenic weight, and index were assessed. The spleens were processed and stained by hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) and immunohistochemically stained for CD3+ and CD68. Raisins contain a considerable amount of iron, vitamin B, phenolics, and flavonoid antioxidants. In raisins treated rats, CBC parameters displayed a significant increase compared to the anemic rats. Most of the RBCs in blood films showed normal shape, size, and central pallor. The spleen of raisins and iron-treated rats showed a marked increase in the area of white pulp. Their spleens also showed a significant increase in the CD3+ PALS area compared to anemic rats. Iron and raisins significantly decreased splenic CD68 macrophages. Consumption of black raisins could be considered an excellent natural source for flavonoids and iron to be used as an adjuvant supplement to iron for anemic patients with increased splenic T lymphocytes.

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“…After searching and conducting a critical appraisal of the articles, 14 studies were selected for the systematic review [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. A summary of these studies is presented in Table 1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

prevalence and risk factors of microcytic hypochromic anaemia among students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A mini-review study

Bakry¹,

Elhefny²

2022

SMHJ

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Background/aims: Anaemia encompasses a significant challenge to public health globally as well as nationally. The current study aimed to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of microcytic hypochromic anaemia among school and university students in Saudi Arabia. Materials and methods: PubMed and Google Scholar search from 2002 until 2021 were utilized for the data obtained. Overall, 56 articles were reviewed and critically appraised based on the eligibility criteria, and relevant articles were selected. Results: Fourteen studies were identified. The prevalence of anaemia among school students ranged from 11.6% to 23%, whereas the prevalence among university students ranged from 12.5% to 64%. Age, gender, mother’s education, BMI, smoking status, and occupational status were associated with the prevalence of anaemia. Furthermore, lifestyle, dietary habits, haemostatic defects, menorrhagia, high altitude, and physical activity were also correlated with the prevalence of anaemia. Conclusion: A relatively high prevalence of anaemia was found among school and university students.

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Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia Are Common Epidemiological Conditions in Saudi Arabia: Report of the National Epidemiological Survey

Cited by 23 publications

References 25 publications

The Prevalence of Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies and High Levels of Non-Essential Heavy Metals in Saudi Arabian Adults

The Prevalence of Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies and High Levels of Non-Essential Heavy Metals in Saudi Arabian Adults

Black Raisins Improved Experimentally Induced Iron Deficiency Anemia. Biochemical and Histological Evidence

prevalence and risk factors of microcytic hypochromic anaemia among students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A mini-review study

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