Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy

Renzo, Gian Carlo Di; Spano, Filippo; Giardina, Irene; Brillo, Eleonora; Clerici, Graziano; Cabero, L.

doi:10.2217/whe.15.35

Cited by 124 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…ID accounts for 50–75% of anemia cases and is thought to be largely due to inadequate diet and increased nutritional requirements during pregnancy [48]. However, inflammation also plays a role by downregulating absorption (see Prentice [35] in this issue).…”

Section: Iron During Fetal Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron Nutriture of the Fetus, Neonate, Infant, and Child

Cerami¹

2017

Ann Nutr Metab

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Iron is a key nutrient and is essential for the developing fetus, neonate, infant, and child. Iron requirements are high during early stages of life because it is critically important for the production of new red blood cells and muscle cells as well as brain development. Neonates, infants, and children obtain iron from dietary sources including breast milk (lactoferrin) and heme- and non-heme-containing foods. Iron deficiency (ID) is the most common micronutrient deficiency in children and pregnant women worldwide. ID and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) can affect growth and energy levels as well as motor and cognitive performance in the developing child. The fetus is completely dependent on maternal iron crossing through the placenta and, although it is generally well protected against deficiency at birth, ID in mothers can increase the risk of ID and IDA in their children as early as 4 months. This review will discuss the uses of iron, iron requirements, and the sources of iron from conception through childhood. In addition, it will describe the prevalence and clinical manifestations of ID and IDA in children and discuss recommendations for iron supplementation of children and pregnant women.

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Section: Iron During Fetal Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron Nutriture of the Fetus, Neonate, Infant, and Child

Cerami¹

2017

Ann Nutr Metab

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“…Pregnancy anemia can be aggravated by various conditions such as uterine or placental bleedings, gastrointestinal bleedings, and peripartum blood loss. In addition to the general consequences of anemia, there are specific risks during pregnancy for the mother and the fetus such as intrauterine growth retardation, prematurity, feto-placental miss ratio, and higher risk for peripartum blood transfusion [3,7,20,21].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If maternal folate stores are insufficient prior to conception, the risk of folic acid deficiency is higher and is associated with fetal neural tubes disorders (NTDs), while also the risk of an adverse pregancy outcome such as a preterm delivery and birth defects in the following pregnancy increases. [20,42]. According to the results of the reviewed studies (Table 3), pre-operative folate deficiency has been estimated to exist in up to 54% of the subjects, whereas recent studies from the USA support that this prevalence is much lower, about 0-6% [34][35][36].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional deficiencies in pregnancy after surgery for morbid obesity

Alexandrou

Tzikos

Chatzi

et al. 2017

JDDD

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Objectives: The rate of morbid obesity among women of reproductive age continues to rise worldwide. Surgical treatment remains the most effective mean to face it. Anatomical, physiological and nutritional modifications lead to several challenges for pregnancy after bariatric procedures. In spite of routine supplementation after bariatric surgery, vitamin and mineral deficiency frequently appear in bariatric pregnancies. The aim of this review is to summarize the existing data on the prevalence and management of nutritional deficiencies in pregnancy after bariatric surgery. Methodology:A comprehensive search of Pubmed Database was conducted for English-language studies using a list of key words. Results:The most common post-operative deficiencies in pregnancy include iron, vitamin B12, folate, vitamin D and magnesium deficiency. Less common are selenium, vitamin A, vitamin B6 and vitamin C deficiency. Finally, copper, vitamin K, vitamin B1, vitamin E and albumin deficiencies are considered to be relatively rare.Conclusions: Pregnancy after bariatric surgery has been proven to be safe for both the mother and the fetus.However, there is still the risk of significant nutritional deficiencies with adverse effects on pregnancy and lactation.As a result, a thorough customized nutritional assessment is mandatory for every woman in reproductive age who has undergone a bariatric operation, with strict regular follow-up during pregnancy and lactation.

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“…Routine screening for iron deficiency anemia in asymptomatic women may or may not be conducted since there is still a lack of sufficient evidence to develop a recommendation for this procedure . However, the most important institutions include in their guidelines that screening should be done in every trimester, using WHO definitions, or at least at 28 weeks, and also when clinical signs suggest the presence of anemia, but this depends on the facilities and the health organization …”

Section: Premisementioning

confidence: 99%