Iron Deficiency in Goitrous Schoolchildren of Semirom, Iran

Siavash, Mansour; Hashemipour, Mahin; Rezvanian, Hassan; Kazemi, Fatemeh; Najafian, Alireza; Mohammady, Mohammad; Aminorroaya, Ashraf; Amini, Masoud; Kachuei, Ali; Moaddab, Mohammad Hassan

doi:10.1159/000093473

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…The level of iron in the organism assessed by us with the indicator Body iron, demonstrates a weak positive correlation with FT4. This is confirmed by other authors as well [26] and shows a possible participation of other factors as well which influence the metabolism of the thyroid gland.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Association Between Thyroid and Iron Status of Pregnant Women in Southern Bulgaria

Gatseva¹

2013

J. endocrinol. diabetes mellit.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the thyroid and iron status of pregnant women on the basis of biochemical indicators and to look for correlation dependences amongst them. A subject of this research were 128 pregnant women from Plovdiv, Southern Bulgaria. For the assessment of the iron status the following indicators were examined: hemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin (SF), soluble transferrin receptors (sTfR), Body iron(mg/kg), defined by the formula:-[log(sTfR/SF)-2.8229]/0.1207. To assess the thyroid status the urinary iodine concentration was examined, and also the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free T4 (FT4). The results demonstrated that more than 1/3 of the examined pregnant women had Hb<110 g/L, and 69% had SF less than 15 g/L, which is indicative for iron deficiency, 18.5% were with Body iron<0 mg/kg (indicate tissue iron deficiency). During the assessment of the thyroid status on the basis of ioduria it turned out that more than half of the pregnant women (59.3%) had iodine deficiency, 5.8% and respectively 19.0% had deviation in the values of TSH and FT4. In conclusion we can summarize that we have found out significant associations between iron deficiency with pregnant women and deviations in their thyroid status, which provides us with a solid base to continue and deepen the research in this direction.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Association Between Thyroid and Iron Status of Pregnant Women in Southern Bulgaria

Gatseva¹

2013

J. endocrinol. diabetes mellit.

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“…[3] The median urinary iodine (UI) concentration is one of the most widely used indicators for assessing IDDs. Another important indicator of IDDs in a population is the enlargement of the thyroid gland, which is the most apparent manifestation of iodine deficiency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonographic evaluation of the thyroid gland volume among 8-15-year-old children in Isfahan, Iran

et al. 2014

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Background:Local reference data are needed in the screening of children for thyroid enlargement. We determined the thyroid gland volume using the ultrasonography (US) in schoolchildren of Isfahan, Iran.Materials and Methods:A total of 360 schoolchildren (59% girls) aged 8-15 years who met the study criteria were entered the study. Clinical grading of goiter was performed by an endocrinologist according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. Then, a single expert radiologist performed thyroid volume measurement using a portable ultrasound device. Urinary iodine (UI) concentration was checked in 36 randomly selected cases.Results:On physical examination, 327 (91%), 32 (8.8%) and 1 (0.2%) subjects were classified as normal, borderline and goiter Grade 2. Mean thyroid volume measured by US was 1.46 ± 0.70 ml. Thyroid volume in boys was significantly higher than girls (1.58 ± 0.67 ml vs. 1.38 ± 0.71 ml; P = 0.009). Thyroid volume was positively correlated with the clinical grade of the goiter (r = 0.30, P < 0.001) and with age (r = 0.25, P < 0.001). Both median and 95th percentile of thyroid volume of our subjects was lower than the reference values reported by WHO. Median of UI was 16.90 μg/dl. UI was not correlated with thyroid volume (r = 0.12, P = 0.46).Conclusion:The thyroid size in Isfahanian schoolchildren is lower than the reference values reported by WHO. These data could be used in determining local reference in the screening of children for thyroid enlargement.

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“…Previously we showed that autoimmunity may play a role in the residual goiter in Semirom (30) but the role of iron deficiency and selenium deficiency in the etiology of endemic goiter in this region have been excluded (25,33).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 1993 all citizens of Semirom were given a single-dose injection of 480 mg iodized oil intramuscularly. Because the prevalence of goiter has not decreased as expected, years after iodine injection and salt iodization, an important question emerged: which factors other than iodine deficiency are responsible for the persistence of endemic goiter in this area ( 25 )?…”

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confidence: 99%

Endemic Goiter in Semirom; There Is No Difference in Vitamin A Status between Goitrous and Nongoitrous Children

Siavash

Hashemipour

Keshteli

et al. 2008

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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Summary Background: Despite long-standing iodine supplementation in Iran, the prevalence of goiter remains high in some areas. This suggests other nutritional deficiencies may be considered as responsible factors for goiter persistence. In the present study we investigated the possible role of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and low vitamin A status in the etiology of endemic goiter in Semirom, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1,828 students from 108 primary schools of urban and rural areas of Semirom were selected by multistage random cluster sampling. Thyroid size was estimated in each child by inspection and palpation. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and serum retinol (SR) were measured. Results: Overall, 36.7% of schoolchildren had goiter. The median UIC was 18.5 g/dL. The mean Ϯ SD of SR in goitrous and nongoitrous children was 38.84 Ϯ 10.98 and 39.17 Ϯ 10.85 g/dL respectively ( p ϭ 0.82). There were two children with VAD (SR less than 20 g/dL); one in the goitrous and one in the nongoitrous group. The prevalence of subjects with low vitamin A status (SR less than 30 g/dL) in the goitrous and nongoitrous groups was 26.2 and 21.5% respectively ( p ϭ 0.42). Conclusion: Goiter is still a public health problem in this region. Iodine deficiency, VAD or low vitamin A status is not among the contributors of goiter persistence in schoolchildren of Semirom. The role of other micronutrient deficiencies or goitrogens should be investigated. Key Words goiter, iodine deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, low vitamin A status Iodine deficiency (ID) is recognized as the major preventable public health problem worldwide. It is estimated that 750 million people worldwide are at risk of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) ( 1 ). IDD can be presented with a wide variety of clinical manifestations ranging from congenital anomalies, cretinism, deaf mutism, psychomotor defects and severe hypothyroidism to goiter ( 2 ). Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a major public health problem too; those most vulnerable include preschool children and pregnant women in low-income countries. In children, VAD is the leading cause of preventable visual impairment and blindness ( 3 ). In a meta-analysis in 2002, it was estimated that there were 127.2 million vitamin A (VA) deficient preschool-aged children, representing 25% of preschoolaged children in high-risk regions of the developing world ( 4 ). These deficiencies often coexist in children in developing countries ( 5 ).In animals, VAD has multiple effects on thyroid metabolism ( 6 ). In the thyroid, VAD decreases thyroidal iodine uptake and iodine incorporation into thyroglobulin (Tg) and increases thyroid size ( 7 -11 ); in the periphery, VAD increases circulating thyroid hormone concentrations ( 12 ); and in the pituitary, VA status modulates thyrotropin (TSH) production by retinoid X receptor (RXR)-mediated expression of pituitary TSH-␤ mRNA ( 12 -18 ), and VAD in rats increases pituitary TSH-␤ mRNA, TSH, and circulating thyroid hormone ( 12 ). High-dose VA supplementation...

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Iron Deficiency in Goitrous Schoolchildren of Semirom, Iran

Cited by 8 publications

References 50 publications

Association Between Thyroid and Iron Status of Pregnant Women in Southern Bulgaria

Association Between Thyroid and Iron Status of Pregnant Women in Southern Bulgaria

Ultrasonographic evaluation of the thyroid gland volume among 8-15-year-old children in Isfahan, Iran

Endemic Goiter in Semirom; There Is No Difference in Vitamin A Status between Goitrous and Nongoitrous Children

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