Iron-formation as an end member in carbonate sedimentary cycles in the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa

Button, A.

doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.71.1.193

Cited by 42 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Eugster and Chou (1973) called upon barred or partially barred lagoons or basins with wide supratidal flats. For ironformations in the Transvaal Super-group of South Africa, Button (1976) has suggested restricted environments behind carbonate shoals. Drever (1974) suggested deposition along continental margins near upwelling iron-and silica-rich bottom waters.…”

Section: Significance Of the Tidal Model To The Overlying Banded Ironmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tidal deposits in the early Proterozoic basin of the Lake Superior region—The Palms and the Pokegama Formations: Evidence for subtidal-shelf deposition of Superior-type banded iron-formation

Ojakangas¹

1983

Early Proterozoic Geology of the Great Lakes Region

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Palms Formation in Wisconsin and Michigan and the correlative Pokegama Quartzite in Minnesota are interpreted as tidal deposits formed along the margins of the early Proterozoic Animikie basin.The well-exposed Palms Formation, which extends for 85 km along the Gogebic range, is 150 m thick and can be divided into three units on the basis of rock types and bedding styles: (1) a thin lower unit of thin-bedded argillaceous rocks that unconformably overlies a low-relief surface of Archean granite and greenstone and older Proterozoic sedimentary units; (2) a thick middle unit of thin alternating beds of argillite, siltstone, and sandstone that vary considerably in texture and composition. Bedding types include parallel, wavy, cross, and flaser lamination, and a variety of sedimentary structures are present; (3) an upper unit of thicker beds of parallel and cross-bedded sandstone.A total of 199 cross-bedding measurements and 52 measurements of other paleocurrent indicators from the Palms Formation yields a crude bimodal-bipolar distribution, with a broad primary mode to the west and a weaker mode to the east. The sandstones are mineralogically mature; most of the framework grains are rounded quartz grains. The sandstones of the middle unit have an abundant sericitic matrix, whereas those of the upper unit are texturally more mature.The Pokegama Quartzite is exposed at only a few places along the 130 km long Mesabi range near the northwestern margin of the Animikie basin. However, the entire formation can be viewed in two drill cores in which it is 50 m and 26 m thick. Sedimentary sequences and the mineralogical attributes are similar to the Palms. The paleocurrent plot (N = 38) is crudely bimodal-bipolar with primary modes to the north and south. By utilization of Walther's Law of Succession of Facies and comparisons with modern environments, it is postulable that both formations were deposited under transgressive tidal conditions. In this model, the lower (shaly) facies was deposited ina low-energy domain of the upper (shoreward) tidal flat; the middle facies (shalesiltstone-sandstone) was deposited on a middle tidal flat under alternating low-and high-energy conditions; and the upper facies (sandstone) was deposited in a lower tidal flat or subtidal high-energy environment. 49 on June 11, 2015 memoirs.gsapubs.org Downloaded from 50 R. W. OjakangasThe Palms and Pokegama formations pass upward into the Ironwood and Biwabik Iron Formations, respectively. Again using Walther's Law, it can be postulated that the iron-formations were deposited on a shelf located seaward from the subtidal sandstone facies. The "cherty" (coarser-grained, thicker-bedded, iron oxidechert) facies was deposited in shallower water than was the "slaty" (finer-grained, thinner-bedded, iron silicate-iron carbonate) facies.The tidal-subtidal facies model developed here provides an independent approach in evaluating the environment of deposition of one kind of Superior-type banded iron-formation. The model is primarily based upon the siliciclastic...

show abstract

Section: Significance Of the Tidal Model To The Overlying Banded Ironmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tidal deposits in the early Proterozoic basin of the Lake Superior region—The Palms and the Pokegama Formations: Evidence for subtidal-shelf deposition of Superior-type banded iron-formation

Ojakangas¹

1983

Early Proterozoic Geology of the Great Lakes Region

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Rather, it appears that oxygen levels in these environments caused precipitation of a significant amount of the oceanic budget of ferrous iron (Holland, 1973). It has also been suggested that evaporation may have aided this process of local iron enrichment (Button, 1976).…”

Section: Banded Iron Formationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tectonic controls of the time-space distribution of some Proterozoic metal deposits

Sawkins

1983

Geological Society of America Memoirs

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A brief review of some major types of Proterozoic metal deposits indicates that each type is characterized by a distinctive lithologic and tectonic setting. The main types of metalliferous ores considered are: volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits, sediment-hosted massive sulfide deposits, stratiform copper deposits, carbonatehosted lead-zinc deposits, magmatic copper-nickel deposits, and banded iron formations. Metal deposits in sedimentary and volcanic rocks dominate Proterozoic metallogeny, and it can be demonstrated that most formed in tectonic environments characterized by rifting. This association is reinforced by the time-space relationship between specific tectonic environments and metal deposits during Proterozoic time.Although Proterozoic metal deposits are distinctly different from the dominant types of late Phanerozoic deposits, these differences are considered to be primarily a function of erosion levels, and initial deep burial of syngenetic-type deposits. Finally, there seems to be no compelling evidence that tectonic styles or ore-generating systems were markedly different in the Proterozoic versus those of the Phanerozoic.

show abstract

“…They generally are thicker than 100 meters and underlie basins covering at least several 10 000 square kilometers. The iron-formation of the Hamersley Group, West Australia (TRENDALL & BLOCKLEu 1970), of the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa (BEUKES, 1978;BUTTON, 1974) and of the Rapitan Group, Yukon Territory, Canada (GABRIELSE, 1972) are the best described examples.…”

Section: Algoma-typementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Iron-rich mesobands and siliceous pods are diagenetic structures (TRENDALL ~ BLOCKLEY, 1970;BEUKES, 1978), as are the common syn-sedimentary deformation structures. Intcrbeds of intraelastic chert and of intraformational conglomerate are present in the iron-formations of the Transvaal Supergroup (BEUKES, 1978;BUTTON, 1974) and, probably, elsewhere. They are in part cross-bedded.…”

Section: Algoma-typementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, sedimentary structures so far reported from laminated iron-formations suggest environments that range from relatively deep lagoons to extensive tidal flats; available hydrodynamic energy must have been small, that is, tidal and wind generated currents were weak. BUTTON (1974) studied the relation between the sedimentary facies of limestones, dolomites and "proto-iron formation" in the Transvaal Supergroup and inferred deposition of the iron-formation on an extremely wide lagoonal platform, separated from the open sea by a barrier shoal of clastic carbonate. The environment envisioned is not very different from the depositional environment of the Sokoman Iron Formation, but was considerably less influenced by wind-and tide-driven currents.…”

Section: Algoma-typementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Paleo-environment of iron-rich sedimentary rocks

Dimhoth

1975

Geol Rundsch

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ZusammenfassungAussagen zur Pal~iogeographie yon sediment~iren Eisenerzen sind m6glich, obwohl die Bildung von Eisenerzen nicht tats~ichlich beobachtet worden ist. Die sediment~iren Texturen und Strukturen von kieseligen und alumin6sen Eisenerzen (Typ Jaspilit = cherty iron-formation der amerikanischen Nomenklatur und Typ Minette = Minettetype ironstone) sind identisch mit denen der Kalke. Dies beweist, dab dieselben hydrodynamischen Prozesse verantwortlich sind fiir die Ablagerung aller drei, chemisch versehiedenen, Gesteinstypen. AbstractIt is possible to apply actualistic principles to the interpretation of the paleoenvironment of iron-rich sedimentary rocks, although few iron-rich sediments form today. The sedimentary textures and structures of cherty iron-formations, Minette-tpye ironstones and limestones are similar. These similarities prove that the hydrodynamic processes of the deposition of the three rock types are the same. Therefore, it is possible to define facies of cherty iron-formations and Minette-type ironstones on the basis of their sedimentary textures and structures, disregarding mineralogy, and to interprete the formative environment by comparison with Recent limestones. Shaly sulfide iron-formation and sideritic clay ironstones are ferriferous mudstones. Methods applied to the interpretation of iron-poor shales may also be applied to these two rock types.The mineralogy of iron-rich sedimentary rocks is determined by diagenetie processes. Depositional organic eontent of the sediment, sediment texture (which controls diffusivity and permeability) and the groundwater flow system during diagenesis are the primary controls of iron-mineral diagenesis. Paleogeography and basin bathymetry are indirect controls of iron mineralogy, because they affect organic content and sediment texture. 1) Published with the permission of the Minister of Natural Resources of Quebec. *) Author's address: E. DIMaOTH, Sciences de la Terre, Universit~ du Quebec Chicoutimi, 980 est rue Jacques-Cartier, Chicoutimi, Qu6, G7H 2B1, Canada. 751 Aufs/itze R4sum~Des consid6rations sur la pal6og6ographie des minerais de fer s6dimentaires suivant le principe des causes actuelles peuvent ~tre 6raises, bien qu'aueun minerai de fer ne soit aetuellement en vole de formation. Les textures et structures s6dimentaires des minerais de fer siliceux (type jaspilite = cherty iron-formation de la terminologie Am6ricaine) et alumineux (type minette = Minette-type ironstone) sont identiques eelles des ealeaires, ce qui indique que ee sont les m~mes forces hydrodynamiques qui ont eonditionn6 le d6pSt de ees trois types de roche chimiquement diff6rents. En eons6quence nous proposons de ddfinir les faci6s s6dimentaires de ces minerais ~ partir de leurs textures et structures s6dimentaires, sans prendre en consid6ration leur min6ra-logic. Leur eomparaison avee des faei6s analogues de ealeaires r6eents permet l'analyse pal6og6ographique sans enfreindre le principe des causes aetuelles. D'autre part les m6thodes conventionellement utilis6es pour l'...

show abstract

Iron-formation as an end member in carbonate sedimentary cycles in the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa

Cited by 42 publications

References 0 publications

Tidal deposits in the early Proterozoic basin of the Lake Superior region—The Palms and the Pokegama Formations: Evidence for subtidal-shelf deposition of Superior-type banded iron-formation

Tidal deposits in the early Proterozoic basin of the Lake Superior region—The Palms and the Pokegama Formations: Evidence for subtidal-shelf deposition of Superior-type banded iron-formation

Tectonic controls of the time-space distribution of some Proterozoic metal deposits

Paleo-environment of iron-rich sedimentary rocks

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About