Iron Nutrition and Growth of Breast- and Formula-Fed Infants During the First 9 Months of Life

Haschke, Ferdinand; Vanura, H; Male, Christoph; Owen, George M.; Pietschnig, B; Schuster, Ernst; Krobath, Evelyn; Huemer, Christian

doi:10.1097/00005176-199302000-00009

Cited by 41 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…Lack of effect of the low iron formula (postnatal iron deprivation) on hematology, clinical condition and growth is in agreement with clinical trials in healthy well-nourished human infants fed iron supplemented or non-supplemented (low iron) formulas [49,32,61,65]. In contrast, several behavioral measures were influenced by postnatal iron deprivations relative to controls, as has been suggested by studies of high risk populations with iron supplemented and non-supplemented formulas [49].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Behavioral consequences of developmental iron deficiency in infant rhesus monkeys

Golub

Hogrefe

Germann

et al. 2006

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

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Human studies have shown that iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in infants are associated with behavioral impairment, but the periods of brain development most susceptible to iron deficiency have not been established. In the present study, rhesus monkeys were deprived of iron by dietary iron restriction during prenatal (n = 14, 10 μg Fe/g diet) or early postnatal (n = 12, 1.5 mg Fe/L formula) brain development and compared to controls (n = 12, 100 μg Fe/g diet, 12 mg Fe/L formula) in behavioral evaluations conducted during the first four months of life in the nonhuman primate nursery. Iron deficiency anemia was detected in the pregnant dams in the third trimester and compromised iron status was seen in the prenatally iron-deprived infants at birth, but no iron deficiency was seen in either the prenatally or postnatally iron-deprived infants during the period of behavioral evaluation. Neither prenatal nor postnatal iron deprivation led to significant delays in growth, or gross or fine motor development. Prenatally deprived infants demonstrated a 20% reduced spontaneous activity level, lower inhibitory response to novel environments, and more changes from one behavior to another in weekly observation sessions. Postnatally deprived infants demonstrated poorer performance of an object concept task, and greater emotionality relative to controls. This study indicates that different syndromes of behavioral effects are associated with prenatal and postnatal iron deprivation in rhesus monkey infants and that these effects can occur in the absence of concurrent iron deficiency as reflected in hematological measures.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Behavioral consequences of developmental iron deficiency in infant rhesus monkeys

Golub

Hogrefe

Germann

et al. 2006

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

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“…In Vienna, the response to a lower-Fe-containing formula (3 mgal) started from birth, was compared with that of a 6 mg Feal formula. It was found that the formula providing 3 mg Feal was still able to effectively prevent depletion of Fe stores during the ®rst 6 months of life (Haschke et al 1993). Similar results are reported from a trial of formulas containing either 2 or 4 mg Feal in Sweden (Hernell & Lonnerdal, 1996).…”

Section: Clinical Trials Of Different Levels Of Iron Forti®cation Of supporting

confidence: 72%

“…Subsequently, exclusively breast-fed infants rarely become anaemic or develop depleted Fe stores before 6 months of age (Duncan et al 1985). By 9 months of age only a small proportion of breast-fed infants develop Fe de®ciency (Siimes et al 1984;Haschke et al 1993) indicating that most breast-fed infants should not require additional Fe provided that there is adequate Fe in their weaning food. A group of Italian infants exclusively breast-fed beyond 7 months were not at risk of anaemia at 12 months whilst 43 % of infants who were exclusively breast-fed for a shorter time became anaemic by this age (Pisacane et al 1995).…”

Section: Iron Absorption From Breast Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron fortification of infant formula

Moy

2000

Nutr. Res. Rev.

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The purpose of this review is to examine the need for and appropriate level of Fe forti®cation of infant formula, and to assess any adverse effects of Fe forti®cation. The appropriate level of Fe forti®cation of infant formula has been established through studies of Fe absorption or erythrocyte incorporation of Fe, and through clinical trials of formulas with varying levels of Fe that were aimed at preventing the development of Fe de®ciency in participating infants. In addition, the effects of varying levels of Fe forti®cation on the absorption of other minerals and trace elements, and on the incidence of infection and immune function have been studied, as has the effect of adding bovine lactoferrin to formula. Studies

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“…[56][57][58][59][60][61] However, it is the conclusion of the AAP that infant formula that contains 12 mg of elemental iron per L is safe for its intended use. Although there has been some concern about linear growth in iron-replete infants given medicinal iron, 62 no published studies have convincingly documented decreased linear growth in iron-replete infants receiving formulas containing high amounts of iron.…”

Section: Term Formula-fed Infantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis and Prevention of Iron Deficiency and Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Infants and Young Children (0–3 Years of Age)

Baker¹,

Greer²

2010

Pediatrics

904

834

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This clinical report covers diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants (both breastfed and formula fed) and toddlers from birth through 3 years of age. Results of recent basic research support the concerns that iron-deficiency anemia and iron deficiency without anemia during infancy and childhood can have longlasting detrimental effects on neurodevelopment. Therefore, pediatricians and other health care providers should strive to eliminate iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia. Appropriate iron intakes for infants and toddlers as well as methods for screening for iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia are presented. Pediatrics 2010;126: 1040-1050 INTRODUCTIONIron deficiency (ID) and iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) continue to be of worldwide concern. Among children in the developing world, iron is the most common single-nutrient deficiency. 1 In industrialized nations, despite a demonstrable decline in prevalence, 2 IDA remains a common cause of anemia in young children. However, even more important than anemia itself is the indication that the more common ID without anemia may also adversely affect long-term neurodevelopment and behavior and that some of these effects may be irreversible. 3,4 Because of the implications for pediatric health care providers and their patients, this report reviews and summarizes this information.This clinical report is a revision and extension of a previous policy statement published in 1999, 5 which addressed iron fortification of formulas. This report covers diagnosis and prevention of ID and IDA in infants (both breastfed and formula fed) and toddlers aged 1 through 3 years.

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Iron Nutrition and Growth of Breast- and Formula-Fed Infants During the First 9 Months of Life

Cited by 41 publications

References 0 publications

Behavioral consequences of developmental iron deficiency in infant rhesus monkeys

Behavioral consequences of developmental iron deficiency in infant rhesus monkeys

Iron fortification of infant formula

Diagnosis and Prevention of Iron Deficiency and Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Infants and Young Children (0–3 Years of Age)

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