Iron Oxide as an Mri Contrast Agent for Cell Tracking: Supplementary Issue

Abstract

Iron oxide contrast agents have been combined with magnetic resonance imaging for cell tracking. In this review, we discuss coating properties and provide an overview of ex vivo and in vivo labeling of different cell types, including stem cells, red blood cells, and monocytes/macrophages. Furthermore, we provide examples of applications of cell tracking with iron contrast agents in stroke, multiple sclerosis, cancer, arteriovenous malformations, and aortic and cerebral aneurysms. Attempts at quantifying iron oxide concentrations and other vascular properties are examined. We advise on designing studies using iron contrast agents including methods for validation.

Reduction of T2 Relaxation Rates due to Large Volume Fractions of Magnetic Nanoparticles for All Motional Regimes

“…Understanding not only the individual evolution of these parameters with scale, magnetic field, temperature, but also their interaction, mutual and with the surrounding environment, is of paramount importance to the design and application of intelligent and multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles (MNP). In biomedicine, MNPs and in particular superparamagnetic iron oxides (SPIO) have a wide range of applications such as magnetic particle imaging (MPI) [6], drug delivery [7], magnetic hyperthermia (MH) [8][9][10], MRI [11], cell tracking [12,13], magnetic biosensors [14,15], regenerative medicine and tissue engineering [16,17], etc. When used as MRI contrast agents (CA) SPIOs can reduce both T 1 and T 2 relaxation times and hence enhance tissue contrast [18][19][20][21].…”

Imaging biomarkers in oncology: Basics and application to MRI

“…Further, relaxometry with exogenous contrast agents enables imaging of perfusion, using either gadolinium‐based contrast agents and dynamic T 1 w (DCE), as discussed previously, or T 2 *w MRI (dynamic susceptibility contrast‐enhanced [DSC]). Superparametric iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles in combination with T 2 w and T 2 *w MRI have been developed as imaging probes for targeted molecular MRI, cell tracking, and drug delivery (“theranostics”) . Alternatively, highly specific, background‐free imaging can be achieved via nonproton imaging using, eg, F‐19 or hyperpolarized agents C‐13 .…”

“…Superparametric iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles in combination with T 2 w and T 2 *w MRI have been developed as imaging probes for targeted molecular MRI, cell tracking, and drug delivery ("theranostics"). [92][93][94] Alternatively, highly specific, background-free imaging can be achieved via nonproton imaging using, eg, F-19 [95][96][97] or hyperpolarized agents C-13. 98,99 However, these require hardware modifications to be able to image the nonproton frequencies.…”

Tracking and Quantification of Magnetically Labeled Stem Cells Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

“…[4–8, 9, 10] This feature article intends to focus on a brief review of tracking and quantification of magnetic nanoparticles-labeled cells with MRI only. We will review recent advances, including basic principles of MRI, labeling, tracking, and quantification of cells labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles in preclinical applications.…”