Iron oxide/gold nanoparticles‐decorated reduced graphene oxide nanohybrid as the thermo‐radiotherapy agent

Abstract

The main focus of the current study is the fabrication of a multifunctional nanohybrid based on graphene oxide (GO)/ iron oxide/gold nanoparticles (NPs) as the combinatorial cancer treatment agent. Gold and iron oxide NPs formed on the GONPs via the in situ synthesis approach. The characterisations showed that gold and iron oxide NPs formed onto the GO. Cell toxicity assessment revealed that the fabricated nanohybrid exhibited negligible toxicity against MCF-7 cells in low doses (<50 ppm). Temperature measurement showed a time and dose-dependent heat elevation under the interaction of the nanohybrid with the radio frequency (RF) wave. The highest temperature was recorded using 200 ppm concentration nanohybrid during 40 min exposure. The combinatorial treatments demonstrated that the maximum cell death (average of 53%) was induced with the combination of the nanohybrid with RF waves and radiotherapy (RT). The mechanistic study using the flow cytometry technique illustrated that early apoptosis was the main underlying cell death. Moreover, the dose enhancement factor of 1.63 and 2.63 were obtained from RT and RF, respectively. To sum up, the authors' findings indicated that the prepared nanohybrid could be considered as multifunctional and combinatorial cancer therapy agents.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ziziphus nummularia leaf extract and evaluation of their antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic and genotoxic potential (4-in-1 system)

“…Cytotoxic effect of nanoparticles may be due to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which damage the intracellular components of cells via oxidative stress[23,29] Mata et al, reported that AgNPs synthesized using A. indicum leaf extract induced apoptotic cell death at a very low concentration in human colon cancer (COLO 205) cell; DNA fragmentation and cell cycle arrest occurred because of increase in ROS generation. Samadian et al[26] and Moloudi et al[24] developed gold nanoparticles base nanomedicine which exhibited an excellent cancer chemotherapy against human breast cancer cells.…”

Advances of Nanomedicine in Radiotherapy

“…Recently, noble metal nanoparticles, such as Au-based nanocomposites, have been extensively explored for the synergistic therapeutics of PTT and RT due to their strong NIR optical absorption [96][97][98][99][100][101][102]. For instance, Sun et al wrapped gold nanorods with tumor cell membranes to form novel nanocomposites (GNR@Mem).…”

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“…6 Studies indicate that tumor cells are more vulnerable to extreme temperatures than normal cells. 36 Thus, due to rGO's brilliant potential for light to heat conversion under NIR light and its photoacoustic properties, it has good photothermal properties that have increased its application in cancer therapy. 37 Besides, it has a vast surface area with various functional groups, making it a lot more biocompatible and a good candidate for drug and gene delivery.…”