Iron status in breast-fed infants

Pisacane, Alfredo; Vizia, B. De; Valiante, Adriana; Vaccaro, Filomena; Russo, María Luisa; Grillo, Giacomo; Giustardi, Arturo

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(95)70076-5

Cited by 70 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In another study, no anemia was observed in infants who were fed with BMO. The same study found that 43% of infants who were fed with additional formula before seventh month had Hb,11 g/dL and it was suggested that infants fed with BMO are protected from anemia in the long term (18). In our study, the BMO fed group had lower hemoglobin levels compared to formula fed groups; however, no statistically significant difference in IDA development was found.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 40%

The Serum Concentrations of Trace Elements and Vitamin A in Turkish Six-Month-Old Infants with Different Feeding Practices

Yalaki¹,

Ozmen²,

Taşar³

et al. 2016

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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Summary Breast feeding is the first and most important step of a healthy diet. Breast milk contains important vitamins and trace elements such as iron, zinc, copper, and vitamin A. The aim of our study was to evaluate the levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, serum iron, iron binding capacity, ferritin, serum zinc, copper and vitamin A in three groups of infants, which were determined based on feeding practices. The infants in all groups were not given prophylactic iron in the first 6 mo. Two hundred fifty-nine infants were included in the study. One hundred fifty-one (58.3%) were fed with breast milk, 91 (35.1%) were fed with breast milk1formula, and 17 (6.6%) were fed with formula only. Serum copper and vitamin A levels were found to be low in formula-only fed infants compared to other groups with a statistically significant difference (p50.017, p50.022 respectively). The serum zinc level was found to be low in 15.9% of the breast fed infants, 17.6% of the breast milk1formula fed infants, and 23.5% of the formula-only fed infants. Although the formula-only fed infants had lower values, the difference was not statistically significant among groups (p50.716). We think that formula fed infants potentially have low levels of copper and vitamin A in the first 6 mo and may be offered supplements. Alternatively, formula mineral and vitamin contents could be enriched. We think that further studies on this subject are needed.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 40%

The Serum Concentrations of Trace Elements and Vitamin A in Turkish Six-Month-Old Infants with Different Feeding Practices

Yalaki¹,

Ozmen²,

Taşar³

et al. 2016

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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“…[186][187] Preterm and low birth weight infants and infants with hematologic disorders or infants who had inadequate iron stores at birth generally require iron supplementation before 6 months of age. 148,[188][189][190][191][192] Iron may be administered while continuing exclusive breastfeeding.…”

Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk

2005

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ABSTRACT. Considerable advances have occurred in recent years in the scientific knowledge of the benefits of breastfeeding, the mechanisms underlying these benefits, and in the clinical management of breastfeeding. This policy statement on breastfeeding replaces the 1997 policy statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics and reflects this newer knowledge and the supporting publications. The benefits of breastfeeding for the infant, the mother, and the community are summarized, and recommendations to guide the pediatrician and other health care professionals in assisting mothers in the initiation and maintenance of breastfeeding for healthy term infants and high-risk infants are presented. The policy statement delineates various ways in which pediatricians can promote, protect, and support breastfeeding not only in their individual practices but also in the hospital, medical school, community, and nation. Pediatrics 2005;115:496-506; breast, breastfeeding, breast milk, human milk, lactation.ABBREVIATIONS. AAP, American Academy of Pediatrics; WIC, Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children; CMV, cytomegalovirus; G6PD, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. INTRODUCTIONE xtensive research using improved epidemiologic methods and modern laboratory techniques documents diverse and compelling advantages for infants, mothers, families, and society from breastfeeding and use of human milk for infant feeding. 1 These advantages include health, nutritional, immunologic, developmental, psychologic, social, economic, and environmental benefits. In 1997, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) published the policy statement Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. 2 Since then, significant advances in science and clinical medicine have occurred. This revision cites substantial new research on the importance of breastfeeding and sets forth principles to guide pediatricians and other health care professionals in assisting women and children in the initiation and maintenance of breastfeeding. The ways pediatricians can protect, promote, and support breastfeeding in their individual practices, hospitals, medical schools, and communities are delineated, and the central role of the pediatrician in coordinating breastfeeding management and providing a medical home for the child is emphasized. 3 THE NEED Child Health BenefitsHuman milk is species-specific, and all substitute feeding preparations differ markedly from it, making human milk uniquely superior for infant feeding. 12 Exclusive breastfeeding is the reference or normative model against which all alternative feeding methods must be measured with regard to growth, health, development, and all other short-and long-term outcomes. In addition, human milk-fed premature infants receive significant benefits with respect to host protection and improved developmental outcomes compared with formula-fed premature infants. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] From studies in preterm and term infants, the following outcomes have been documented. Infectious Dise...

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“…By 9 months of age only a small proportion of breast-fed infants develop Fe de®ciency (Siimes et al 1984;Haschke et al 1993) indicating that most breast-fed infants should not require additional Fe provided that there is adequate Fe in their weaning food. A group of Italian infants exclusively breast-fed beyond 7 months were not at risk of anaemia at 12 months whilst 43 % of infants who were exclusively breast-fed for a shorter time became anaemic by this age (Pisacane et al 1995).…”

Section: Iron Absorption From Breast Milkmentioning

confidence: 91%

Iron fortification of infant formula

Moy

2000

Nutr. Res. Rev.

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The purpose of this review is to examine the need for and appropriate level of Fe forti®cation of infant formula, and to assess any adverse effects of Fe forti®cation. The appropriate level of Fe forti®cation of infant formula has been established through studies of Fe absorption or erythrocyte incorporation of Fe, and through clinical trials of formulas with varying levels of Fe that were aimed at preventing the development of Fe de®ciency in participating infants. In addition, the effects of varying levels of Fe forti®cation on the absorption of other minerals and trace elements, and on the incidence of infection and immune function have been studied, as has the effect of adding bovine lactoferrin to formula. Studies

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Iron status in breast-fed infants

Cited by 70 publications

References 7 publications

The Serum Concentrations of Trace Elements and Vitamin A in Turkish Six-Month-Old Infants with Different Feeding Practices

The Serum Concentrations of Trace Elements and Vitamin A in Turkish Six-Month-Old Infants with Different Feeding Practices

Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk

Iron fortification of infant formula

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