Irradiation of Skin with Visible Light Induces Reactive Oxygen Species and Matrix-Degrading Enzymes

Abstract

Daily skin exposure to solar radiation causes cells to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are a primary factor in skin damage. Although the contribution of the UV component to skin damage has been established, few studies have examined the effects of non-UV solar radiation on skin physiology. Solar radiation comprises <10% of UV, and thus the purpose of this study was to examine the physiological response of skin to visible light (400-700 nm). Irradiation of human skin equivalents with visible light induced production of ROS, proinflammatory cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 expression. Commercially available sunscreens were found to have minimal effects on reducing visible light-induced ROS, suggesting that UVA/UVB sunscreens do not protect the skin from visible light-induced responses. Using clinical models to assess the generation of free radicals from oxidative stress, higher levels of free radical activity were found after visible light exposure. Pretreatment with a photostable UVA/UVB sunscreen containing an antioxidant combination significantly reduced the production of ROS, cytokines, and MMP expression in vitro, and decreased oxidative stress in human subjects after visible light irradiation. Taken together, these findings suggest that other portions of the solar spectrum aside from UV, particularly visible light, may also contribute to signs of premature photoaging in skin.

Effects triggered by platinum nanoparticles on primary keratinocytes

“…The sun's ultraviolet ray-driven ROS production in skin cells results in changes in skin structural integrity, signal transduction, gene expression, and even tumorigenic initiation and progression. 9,10 The use of antioxidative agents in skin cosmetics could provide positive effects on skin condition. Thus, there is a potential probability that PtNPs will be commonly used in cosmetics in the future.…”

Potential Use of Spin Traps to Control ROS in Antipollution Cosmetics—A Review

“…Additionally, NIR light has been shown to create free radicals [99]. Both HFHE and NIR can produce MMP-1 and MMP-9 leading to aging and degradation of collagen in the skin [98][99][100][101][102]. Moreover, blue-violet light at high doses may also generate free radicals [103].…”

“…This is important because the free radicals generated by the HFHE visible light can potentially affect 40 skin related genes [98] that can attenuate the healing process leading to weak barrier functions, inflammation and un-even pigmentation to the skin. Additionally, NIR light has been shown to create free radicals [99].…”

“…In the near future, PBN or other suitable spin traps (along with other actives/antioxidants) may also need to be included in cosmetic products to reduce or stop ROS and other free radicals generated by high frequency-high energy (HFHE) visible light (λ = 400-450 nm) [97,98], near-infrared light (NIR) (λ = 760-3000 nm) and blue light (λ = 450-495 nm). This is important because the free radicals generated by the HFHE visible light can potentially affect 40 skin related genes [98] that can attenuate the healing process leading to weak barrier functions, inflammation and un-even pigmentation to the skin.…”

Avaliação in vitro do potencial de uso da apigenina, da crisina e do beta-caroteno na proteção contra a radiação UVA e luz visível

“…Entretanto, os avanços das pesquisas na área de fotoproteção (LIEBEL et al, 2012;VANDERSEE et al, 2015) mostraram a necessidade de estender o espectro de proteção para a faixa da luz VIS (400-760 nm). Atualmente, não há no mercado filtros solares orgânicos que apresentem proteção nessa faixa de radiação.…”