Is being in paid work beyond state pension age beneficial for health? Evidence from England using a life-course approach

Gessa, Giorgio Di; Corna, Laurie; Platts, Loretta G.; Worts, Diana; McDonough, Peggy; Sacker, Amanda; Price, Debora; Glaser, Karen

doi:10.1136/jech-2016-208086

Cited by 40 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Only a few studies have accounted for the healthy worker effect when assessing the health consequences of working past retirement age. These studies did not observe any health benefits 17 , 20 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

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Employment and health after retirement in Japanese men

Okamoto

Okamura

Komamura

2018

Bull. World Health Organ.

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ObjectiveTo estimate the average treatment effect of working past the current retirement age on the health of Japanese men.MethodsWe used publicly available data from the National Survey of Japanese Elderly, extracting a sample of 1288 men who were 60 years or older. Survey respondents were followed-up for at most 15 years for the onset of four health outcomes: death, cognitive decline, stroke and diabetes. By using the propensity score method, we adjusted for the healthy worker effect by incorporating economic, sociodemographic and health data in the form of independent variables. By calculating the differences in times to a health outcome between those in employment and those not employed, we estimated the average treatment effects on health of being in paid work past retirement age.FindingsCompared with those not employed, those in employment lived 1.91 years longer (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.70 to 3.11), had an additional 2.22 years (95% CI: 0.27 to 4.17) before experiencing cognitive decline, and had a longer period before the onset of diabetes and stroke of 6.05 years (95% CI: 4.44 to 7.65) and 3.35 years (95% CI: 1.42 to 5.28), respectively. We also observed differences between employees and the self-employed: the self-employed had longer life expectancies than employees. In terms of years to onset of diabetes or stroke, however, we only observed significant benefits to health of being an employee but not self-employed.ConclusionOur study found that being in employment past the current age of retirement had a positive impact on health.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…as a full- or part-time employee or being self-employed), and 0 if not employed 20 . We included demographic information in the form of age and marital status, defining marital status as a binary variable of value 1 if married and 0 if not married (including those bereaved or divorced).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Employment and health after retirement in Japanese men

Okamoto

Okamura

Komamura

2018

Bull. World Health Organ.

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“…A recent study explores the health impact of paid work beyond standard retirement age in England. Using three waves of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing and controlling for baseline socio-economic characteristics as well as work and health history, Di Gessa et al [ 14 ] find no statistically significant health effect of working beyond state pension age. A recent Swedish study by Hagen [ 17 ] finds no effects on drug prescription, hospitalizations, and mortality after a reform that increased the age at which female local government workers were entitled to full pension benefits from 63 to 65.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of late and prolonged working life on subjective health: the Swedish experience

2018

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This paper explores the relationship between the prolongation of working life and subjective health. Drawing on a unique combination of longitudinal data and the results of a postal survey in Sweden, we investigate the health consequences of extending working life beyond the normal retirement age of 65. To do this, we compare the health status of two groups of retired people: one group who left the labour market completely at the age of 65, and a second group who remained in employment after the age of 65. Using a standard linear probability model and controlling for a range of socio-economic variables as well as previous labour market experiences, perceived life expectancy, pre-retirement income and health, our estimations show that those continuing to work after 65 on average display a 6.8% higher probability of reporting better health during retirement than those leaving at the age of 65. However, we find that this positive correlation between the extension of working life and health is only transitory. After 6 years of retirement, the health advantage of working after the normal retirement age disappears. Furthermore, we did not find any evidence that working after the age of 65 is positively correlated with physical fitness, self-reported depressive symptoms or well-being.

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“…Over the past few years, an extensive amount of research was published about the impact on health of professional transitions in late career focusing both on different types of transition such as retirement, return to employment, bridge jobs, or care activities and on different type of health measurements. such as self‐reported health, physical exposure, quality of life, or depression .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The topic remains controversial as the association between health and labor market participation is affected by different factors, such as the sector of activity, level of education, financial wealth, gender, the size of the company and the socio‐economic status . For instance, looking at longitudinal data from Sweden, Lindwall et al have pointed out that more positive changes in psychological health are observed for respondents who retired compared with those still working.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%