Is body focus restricted to self‐evaluation? Body focus in the evaluation of self and others

Beebe, Dean W.; Holmbeck, Grayson N.; Schober, Allison; Lane, Melissa; Rosa, Kim

doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199612)20:4<415::aid-eat9>3.3.co;2-b

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Women, however, rate themselves more negatively when viewing these women, implying that there is some comparison or possibly perception of these women as competition. This aligns with other research on objectification and self-objectification (Beebe et al, 1996). Women also report negative perceptions of women who are perceived to be more attractive (Agthe et al, 2011) or more sexually available.…”

supporting

confidence: 86%

The point of nipple erection 3: Sexual and social expectations of women with nipple erection.

Burch¹,

Widman²

2024

Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences

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If nipple erection signals/is a cue to sexual interest or arousal, we would expect that women with nipple erection would be sexualized: having a presumed higher sexual arousal and promiscuity and lower mental abilities and morality. To examine this, 234 participants rated pictures of women with and without salient nipple erection (faces were obscured to eliminate facial cues). Participants completed a hypothetical sexual behavior profile (30 items including perceptions of morality and intelligence) for each stimulus photo. Both men and women perceived women with nipple erection as less intelligent, less moral, and more likely to engage in sexual behaviors. These are the primary markers of sexual objectification. They also rated these women as having poorer sexual health and being less sexually manipulative. Men perceived all the women in the stimulus photos as being less moral and having more male sexual partners, indicating that men objectified the stimuli overall more than women. Women reported that women with erect nipples had more male sex partners, lost their virginity at a younger age, and had lower quality relationships. In summary, female nipple erection, which is an uncontrollable reflex, triggers sexualization and objectification by both men and women who observe it.

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supporting

confidence: 86%

The point of nipple erection 3: Sexual and social expectations of women with nipple erection.

Burch¹,

Widman²

2024

Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences

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“…A possible reason why other‐objectification significantly predicted the ratings of women—but not of men—may be that, given women are the primary targets of objectification (via the male gaze), they may internalize the belief that women must be thin in order to be valued. Moreover, the tendency among women to objectify others is associated with self‐objectification: One study showed that women who placed greater importance on their own weight also prioritized this dimension when evaluating other women (Beebe, Holmbeck, Schober, Lane & Rosa, 1996).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oppressive Beliefs at Play: Associations among Beauty Ideals and Practices and Individual Differences in Sexism, Objectification of Others, and Media Exposure

Swami

Coles

Wilson

et al. 2010

Psychology of Women Quarterly

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In recent years, beauty ideals and practices have been explained almost exclusively using evolutionary psychological frameworks, to the exclusion of more proximate factors such as psychosocial and individual psychological variables. To overcome this limitation, we examined the associations among sexist beliefs, objectification of others, media exposure, and three distinct beauty ideals or practices. Across three studies, a total of 1,158 participants in a British community sample completed a series of scales that measured their attitudes toward women, hostility toward women, benevolent sexism, hostile sexism, their tendency to objectify others, media exposure, and endorsement of the thin ideal and (for women) body dissatisfaction (Study 1); height preferences in an other-sex partner (Study 2); and endorsement of cosmetic use (Study 3). Across the three studies, results supported the idea that sexist beliefs predicted beauty ideals and practices, although the strength of these associations varied according to the ideal or practice in question. These results support feminist critiques that beauty ideals and practices in Western societies are linked with sexist attitudes. Furthermore, our results suggest that programmes aimed to reduce or eliminate sexist attitudes, or that promote more gender egalitarian attitudes, may result in healthier beauty ideals and practices.

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“…This disappointment further results in the women feeling low esteem and self-worth. Some studies have also indicated that women who are susceptible to the media's idealized body image tend to judge other women in similar ways (Beebe, Hombeck, Schober, Lane, & Rosa, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Media, Body Evaluation, and Perceptions of Physical Attractiveness Among College-Aged Women and Men

Tyler¹,

Lopez²,

Flores³

2009

PsiChiJournal

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Is body focus restricted to self‐evaluation? Body focus in the evaluation of self and others

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

The point of nipple erection 3: Sexual and social expectations of women with nipple erection.

The point of nipple erection 3: Sexual and social expectations of women with nipple erection.

Oppressive Beliefs at Play: Associations among Beauty Ideals and Practices and Individual Differences in Sexism, Objectification of Others, and Media Exposure

The Media, Body Evaluation, and Perceptions of Physical Attractiveness Among College-Aged Women and Men

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