Is Gender a Risk Factor for Pesticide Intoxications Among Farmers in Bolivia? A Cross-Sectional Study

Jørs, Erik; Hay-Younes, Jasmin; Condarco, Madelaine A; Condarco, Guido; Cervantes, Rafael; Huici, Omar; Bælum, Jesper

doi:10.1080/1059924x.2013.767102

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Methamidophos, paraquat, and glyphosate were the most frequently used pesticides, and most of the farmers combined several pesticides while spraying their crops, which was in agreement with previous Bolivian surveys [ 8 , 56 ]. The low number of farmers who used recommended PPE (17%) was also in accordance with what has been reported previously among Bolivian agricultural workers [ 56 , 57 , 58 ]. The highest mean urinary concentrations were detected for 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, a metabolite of chlorpyrifos (17.6 ng/mL), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D, 15.8 ng/mL), although maximum concentrations could reach 100-fold higher.…”

Section: Human Exposure In Boliviasupporting

confidence: 91%

Human Pesticide Exposure in Bolivia: A Scoping Review of Current Knowledge, Future Challenges and Research Needs

Barrón Cuenca,

Dreij,

Tirado

2024

IJERPH

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Numerous studies have shown that pesticide exposure is linked to adverse health outcomes. Nevertheless, in Bolivia, where there is an increasing use of pesticides, the literature is sparse. To address knowledge gaps and guide future research in Bolivia, we conducted a scoping review spanning 22 years (January 2000 to December 2022). Our search identified 39 peer-reviewed articles, 27 reports/documents on Bolivian regulations, and 12 other documents. Most studies focused on farmers and revealed high pesticide exposure levels, assessed through biomarkers of exposure, susceptibility, and effect. The literature explored a range of health effects due to pesticide exposure, spanning from acute to chronic conditions. Many studies highlighted the correlation between pesticide exposure and genotoxic damage, measured as DNA strand breaks and/or micronuclei formation. This was particularly observed in farmers without personal protection equipment (PPE), which increases the risk of developing chronic diseases, including cancer. Recent findings also showed the alarming use of banned or restricted pesticides in Bolivian crops. Despite existing Bolivian regulations, the uncontrolled use of pesticides persists, leading to harmful health effects on the population and increasing land and water pollution. This review underscores the need for the stringent enforcement of regulations and continued research efforts, and it provides a scientific foundation for decision-making by relevant authorities.

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Section: Human Exposure In Boliviasupporting

confidence: 91%

Human Pesticide Exposure in Bolivia: A Scoping Review of Current Knowledge, Future Challenges and Research Needs

Barrón Cuenca,

Dreij,

Tirado

2024

IJERPH

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“…The higher prevalence of acute pesticide poisoning among women is consistent with other studies that have examined PRS among agricultural workers [7,25,26,37,38] but contrasts with official records in Brazil [5,23,[39][40][41], in which pesticide poisonings are predominant among men. Official records may underestimate more the occurrence of poisoning among women, due to greater failure to investigate their occupation and/or exposure to pesticides, or by not considering common forms of female exposure, such as washing contaminated clothes.…”

Section: Acute Pesticide Poisoning-main Associated Factorssupporting

confidence: 86%

Acute Pesticide Poisoning in Tobacco Farming, According to Different Criteria

Faria

Meucci

Fiori

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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Background: Brazil is one of the world’s largest pesticide consumers, but information on pesticide poisoning among workers is scarce. Objective: To evaluate acute pesticide poisoning among tobacco growers, according to different criteria. Methods: This was a two-step cross-sectional study with 492 pesticide applicators. It used a 25 question pesticide-related symptoms (PRS) questionnaire and medical diagnosis for comparison with toxicological assessment. Associations were evaluated using Poisson regression. Results: 10.6% reported two or more PRS, while 8.1% reported three or more. Furthermore, 12.2% received a medical diagnosis of poisoning. According to toxicologists, possible cases accounted for 14.2% and probable cases for 4.3%. PRS increased during the period of greater exposure. Those exposed to dithiocarbamates, sulfentrazone, pyrethroids, fipronil and iprodione exhibited more PRS. The number of exposure types, multi-chemical exposure, clothes wet with pesticides and spillage on the body/clothes were associated with acute poisonings. All criteria showed sensitivity greater than 79% for probable cases but only greater than 70% for medical diagnosis when compared to possible cases, presenting substantial Kappa agreement. Conclusion: The prevalence of acute pesticide poisoning is much higher than officially recorded. Trained physicians can screen for pesticide poisoning. It is necessary to improve workers’ education to reduce pesticide use and exposure to them.

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“…In addition, women used less personal protective equipment when handling pesticides compared with men. (20) Of note is the similarity of this profile with that of rural female workers evaluated in the present study, who had incomplete elementary school education and made inadequate use of personal protective equipment.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Prevalência de sinais e sintomas digestórios em trabalhadoras rurais e fatores associados

et al. 2015

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Objective: To determine the prevalence of digestive signs and symptoms in rural workers and identify frequently associated factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 182 rural and horticultural farm workers aged 18 years or older. To assess internal data consistency, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. To compare means between groups, student's t-test was used for independent samples. The Mann-Whitney test was used in cases of asymmetry. Results: The prevalence of digestive signs and symptoms was 31.9%. The signs and symptoms included epigastric pain (27.4%), regurgitation (18.1%), bloating (9.9%), nausea (9.9%), and vomiting (6.0%). Conclusion: The prevalence of digestive signs and symptoms reported by rural workers was high and was associated with being older than 60 years, using agricultural pesticides, and being of Italian descent. ResumoObjetivo: Conhecer a prevalência de sinais e sintomas digestórios em trabalhadoras rurais e identificar fatores associados mais frequentes. Métodos: Estudo transversal que incluiu 182 trabalhadoras rurais maiores de 18 anos e de agricultura de hortifrutigranjeiros. Para avaliar a consistência interna dos dados utilizou-se o coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Para comparar médias entre os grupos, o teste t de Student foi aplicado para amostras independentes. Em caso de assimetria, foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: A prevalência de sinais e sintomas digestórios relatados foi 31,9%. Os sinais e sintomas digestórios relatados foram: dor epigástrica (27,4%), regurgitação (18,1%), inchaço (9,9%), náusea (9,9%) e vômitos (6,0%). Conclusão: A prevalência de sinais e sintomas digestórios relatados por trabalhadoras rurais foi alto e esteve associado a idade maior de 60 anos, utilização de pesticidas agrícolas e ascendência italiana.

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Is Gender a Risk Factor for Pesticide Intoxications Among Farmers in Bolivia? A Cross-Sectional Study

Cited by 14 publications

References 30 publications

Human Pesticide Exposure in Bolivia: A Scoping Review of Current Knowledge, Future Challenges and Research Needs

Human Pesticide Exposure in Bolivia: A Scoping Review of Current Knowledge, Future Challenges and Research Needs

Acute Pesticide Poisoning in Tobacco Farming, According to Different Criteria

Prevalência de sinais e sintomas digestórios em trabalhadoras rurais e fatores associados

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