Abstract:Background
Child allowance payment is one form of social security policy that aims to mitigate the child poverty gap by providing financial support to families. This study aimed to explore the impact of the child allowance on children’s physical and mental health (BMI, problem behavior, depression, and self-rated health), and parental investment in child health (children’s material goods, family events, extracurricular activities, interaction with children, and involvement in child maltreatment… Show more
“…Of the different major CT programs, there were four studies of Bolsa Família in Brazil [ 13 – 16 ], four studies of Oportunidades in Mexico [ 22 , 27 , 29 , 30 ], two studies of Familias en Acción in Colombia [ 17 , 32 ], and two studies of Juntos in Peru [ 18 , 24 ]. The relationship of CT programs with BMI, overweight and/or obesity, was described in studies from South Africa [ 21 ], Japan [ 20 ], Canada [ 31 ], and the United States (Alaska) [ 23 ]. Fourteen of the studies focused on conditional CT programs [ 13 – 19 , 22 , 24 , 27 – 30 , 32 ], and six studies described unconditional CT programs [ 20 , 21 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 31 ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The relationship of CT programs with BMI, overweight and/or obesity, was described in studies from South Africa [ 21 ], Japan [ 20 ], Canada [ 31 ], and the United States (Alaska) [ 23 ]. Fourteen of the studies focused on conditional CT programs [ 13 – 19 , 22 , 24 , 27 – 30 , 32 ], and six studies described unconditional CT programs [ 20 , 21 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 31 ]. Fig.…”
Background
Cash transfer (CT) programs are an important type of social protection meant to reduce poverty. Whether CT programs increase the risk of overweight and obesity is unclear. The objective was to characterize the relationship between CT programs and the risk of overweight and obesity in children and adults.
Methods
We searched articles in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, EconLit, Global Health, CINAHL Plus, IBSS, Health & Medical Collection, Scopus, Web of Science, and WHO Global Index Medicus in August 2021. Studies involving CT as the intervention, a control group, body mass index, overweight, or obesity as an outcome, and sample size > 300 were included. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was used for quality assessment.
Results
Of 2355 articles identified, 20 met the inclusion criteria. Because of marked heterogeneity in methodology, a narrative synthesis was used to present results. Thirteen of the studies reported that CT programs were associated with a significantly lower risk of overweight and obesity, eight studies showed no significant association, and one study reported a significantly increased risk of obesity in women. Quality assessment showed that most studies lacked sample size and power calculations, validation of exposure, descriptions of non-respondents or those lost to follow-up, and blinded outcome assessment.
Conclusions
Overall, the studies were suggestive that CT programs either have no impact or decrease the risk of overweight and/or obesity in children, adolescents, and adults, but no firm conclusions can be drawn from the available evidence. This review demonstrated limitations in the available studies of CT programs and overweight/obesity.
“…Of the different major CT programs, there were four studies of Bolsa Família in Brazil [ 13 – 16 ], four studies of Oportunidades in Mexico [ 22 , 27 , 29 , 30 ], two studies of Familias en Acción in Colombia [ 17 , 32 ], and two studies of Juntos in Peru [ 18 , 24 ]. The relationship of CT programs with BMI, overweight and/or obesity, was described in studies from South Africa [ 21 ], Japan [ 20 ], Canada [ 31 ], and the United States (Alaska) [ 23 ]. Fourteen of the studies focused on conditional CT programs [ 13 – 19 , 22 , 24 , 27 – 30 , 32 ], and six studies described unconditional CT programs [ 20 , 21 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 31 ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The relationship of CT programs with BMI, overweight and/or obesity, was described in studies from South Africa [ 21 ], Japan [ 20 ], Canada [ 31 ], and the United States (Alaska) [ 23 ]. Fourteen of the studies focused on conditional CT programs [ 13 – 19 , 22 , 24 , 27 – 30 , 32 ], and six studies described unconditional CT programs [ 20 , 21 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 31 ]. Fig.…”
Background
Cash transfer (CT) programs are an important type of social protection meant to reduce poverty. Whether CT programs increase the risk of overweight and obesity is unclear. The objective was to characterize the relationship between CT programs and the risk of overweight and obesity in children and adults.
Methods
We searched articles in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, EconLit, Global Health, CINAHL Plus, IBSS, Health & Medical Collection, Scopus, Web of Science, and WHO Global Index Medicus in August 2021. Studies involving CT as the intervention, a control group, body mass index, overweight, or obesity as an outcome, and sample size > 300 were included. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was used for quality assessment.
Results
Of 2355 articles identified, 20 met the inclusion criteria. Because of marked heterogeneity in methodology, a narrative synthesis was used to present results. Thirteen of the studies reported that CT programs were associated with a significantly lower risk of overweight and obesity, eight studies showed no significant association, and one study reported a significantly increased risk of obesity in women. Quality assessment showed that most studies lacked sample size and power calculations, validation of exposure, descriptions of non-respondents or those lost to follow-up, and blinded outcome assessment.
Conclusions
Overall, the studies were suggestive that CT programs either have no impact or decrease the risk of overweight and/or obesity in children, adolescents, and adults, but no firm conclusions can be drawn from the available evidence. This review demonstrated limitations in the available studies of CT programs and overweight/obesity.
“…Control variables. Referring to the idea by Chen et al [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ], the following control variables were selected: 1. Unemployment ( unemp ), the unemployment rate was used to characterize the employment effect of happiness.…”
Inter-regional industrial transfers would change the economic, societal, and ecological environment of the undertaking area profoundly. Some experts have recognized the ecological and environmental problems caused by industrial transfers. However, there are few studies on whether undertaking an industrial transfer will ultimately improve the well-being of residents. There is a strong application value for exploring this issue under the domestic cycle in China. This paper uses the shift-share analysis method to measure China’s inter-provincial industrial transfer from 2004 to 2019. According to the subjective and objective indicators, the article measures the level of residents’ well-being. A spatial econometric model is used to empirically test the impact of undertaking transferred industries on residents’ well-being and its mechanism. The results show that: 1. There is a significant spatial positive correlation between the well-being of residents at the national level. The empirical results also indicated significant spatial correlations at the level of the three major economic belts in the east, central, west, and northeast; 2. From the perspective of China as a whole, the inter-regional industrial transfer improved the well-being of the residents significantly, but the indirect negative effect reduced the total effect; 3. From the regional perspective, undertaking a transferred industry could significantly improve the well-being of residents in the central and eastern regions. However, in the northeast and western regions, it showed a serious negative effect. We should enhance the orderly transfer of industries deeply, considering the ecological and environmental capacities of the undertaking area fully and strictly limiting the inter-regional transfer of polluting industries. Only in this way could the government improve the well-being of residents in the industrial transfer-out areas and undertake areas effectively.
“…Weight and height were reported by caregivers for 5th grade adolescents, whilst they were self-reported for 8th and 11th grade adolescents. BMI was calculated according to the WHO Child Growth Standards and was expressed as z-scores, representing the deviations in standard deviation units from the mean of a standard normal distribution of BMI specific to age and sex ( 31 , 32 ). Following the cut-off point recommended by the WHO, BMI-for-age z-score < −2SD was defined as thinness among adolescents ( 33 , 34 ).…”
Social status in school, measured by subjective degree of influence in class (DOI), may influence thinness among adolescents. This study examined the association between subjective degree of influence in class and thinness among Japanese adolescents. Data were obtained from the Kochi Child Health Impact of Living Difficulty (K-CHILD) study in 2016, which Was a population-based study targeting 5th, 8th and 11th grade adolescents living in Kochi Prefecture, Japan (N = 9,998). DOI was assessed by adolescents via questionnaire. Weight and height were given by caregivers for 5th grade adolescents, whilst they were self-reported for 8th and 11th grade adolescents. Collected data on weight and height were used to calculate body mass index z-scores of WHO standards. Models included grade, gender, number of friends, household income, location of school and depressive symptoms as covariates. The results showed that both high and low DOI were positively associated with thinness after adjustment for other individual covariates (high DOI, OR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.05–2.43; low DOI, OR = 2.04, 95% CI 1.36–3.06). Further stratification by gender revealed that low DOI was positively associated with thinness (OR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.34–3.44) among boys, but there was no association among girls. Both high and low DOI were associated with the risk of being thin in adolescents. Focusing on DOI for adolescents may be important to address thinness among adolescents. Further studies are needed to examine the causality between DOI and thinness in adolescents.
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