Is LiFePO[sub 4] Stable in Water?

Porcher, Willy; Moreau, Philippe; Lestriez, Bernard; Jouanneau, S.; Guyomard, Dominique

doi:10.1149/1.2795833

Cited by 110 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed particles of a round or oblong shape with a maximum particle diameter on the order of 1-2 µm (Figure 1 b). Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) confi rmed the correct atomic ratios of Fe:P:O of 1:1:4 for LiFePO 4 (Figure 1 c). The EDS spectrum also revealed the presence of ≈6 wt% C. Since this could be linked either to contamination within the SEM chamber or intentional C additions to improve electrical conductivity, we also conducted transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (Figure 1 d,e) and Raman spectroscopy (Figure 1 f) studies to confi rm the presence of C. High resolution TEM with EDS showed that C is intermixed with the LiFePO 4 particles.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…[ 4 ] They also observed a small amount of Fe in the solution. The fraction of original Li + and PO 4 3− that dissolved depended on the amount of starting LiFePO 4 relative to amount of solvent, as well as pH.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Rechargeable aqueous lithium ion batteries (ALIBs), constructed with nonfl ammable, environmentally friendly, and low-cost electrolytes such as Li 2 SO 4 or LiNO 3 solutions in water, hold promise as a safer, faster, and less expensive alternative to organic electrolyte-based lithium ion batteries for the variety of applications in which current state-of-the-art lithium ion batteries have proven their success. These applications include energy storage for electric vehicles, energy-effi cient industrial equipment, and the electrical grid with the introduction of intermittent renewable sources of energy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Porcher et al studied the stability of LFP in water without electrochemical cycling. Chemical analysis of supernatant liquids revealed that Li + and to a lesser extent PO 4 3− dissolved into the solution. [ 4 ] They also observed a small amount of Fe in the solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chemical analysis of supernatant liquids revealed that Li + and to a lesser extent PO 4 3− dissolved into the solution. [ 4 ] They also observed a small amount of Fe in the solution. The fraction of original Li + and PO 4 3− that dissolved depended on the amount of starting LiFePO 4 relative to amount of solvent, as well as pH.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhancing Cycle Stability of Lithium Iron Phosphate in Aqueous Electrolytes by Increasing Electrolyte Molarity

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allows for the use of cells with thicker (and thus cheaper to produce) electrodes while simultaneously achieving faster charging capabilities. Additional cost savings could be realized if the use of dry rooms and expensive and moisture-sensitive organic electrolytes could be avoided. Due to high fl ammability of conventional LIBs with organic electrolytes and a fear of a thermal runaway, formation of battery packs in electric vehicles and other applications typically adds ≈40% -75% to the weight, volume, and cost of the individual cells. Such undesirable expenditures could be greatly reduced in ALIBs because of their greatly enhanced safety characteristics. Although typically restricted to lower cell voltages due to the evolution of oxygen gas on the cathode at higher potentials or hydrogen gas on the anode at lower potentials, several approaches could be utilized to increase the voltage and thus a specifi c energy of ALIBs. For example, Wang et al. have recently demonstrated fully functioning high-voltage ALIBs by preventing a direct contact of aqueous electrolytes with a Li anode surface. [ 1 ] Such promises stimulated signifi cant interest in the novel ALIB technology.Several types of lithium intercalation compounds commonly used in organic electrolytes have already been tested with aqueous electrolytes and are found to undergo similar redox reactions. LiFePO 4 (LFP), in particular, has attracted attention for ALIB studies due to its good performance in high-power commercial cells with organic electrolytes and its relatively low electrode potential, which should prevent oxygen evolution in aqueous electrolytes during cell charging. Interestingly, LFP and other intercalation compounds in aqueous electrolytes are found to suffer from unique mechanisms of degradation. For instance, Luo et al. investigated the impact of dissolved oxygen on the stability of LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 in aqueous Li 2 SO 4 solution. [ 2 ] They suggested that in its reduced state Li 3-x Ti 2 (PO 4 ) 3 can react with dissolved oxygen in the electrolyte leading to capacity loss, especially when charged/discharged at a slower rate. [ 2 ] After the removal of oxygen from the electrolyte, they demonstrated greatly improved capacity retention for a battery constructed with carbon-coated electrodes using LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modelling Approaches of the Dispersion Process for Conductive Slurries in Chemical Process Industries

Shariq,

Nemec

2024

Adv Eng Mater

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In this article, the review on different modeling approaches used for the dispersion of conductive slurries is presented. It comprises three parts: state‐of‐the‐art dispersion process, physiochemical properties, and different modelling approaches. The first part explains the physical mechanism involved in the mixing process and gives an in‐depth understanding of the applicability of the current techniques available commercially with respect to lab‐scale, pilot plant, and industrially upscaled production of these conductive slurries. The main challenges in slurry formulation prevent the formation of agglomerates and breaking down the preexisting agglomerates. It can be understood by studying the role of process parameters such as mixing time and stirring speed involved in the dispersion process. The second part focusses on the important physiochemical properties such as solid content, particle size distribution, and rheology that influences the electrode performance. The third part focusses on the available modelling approaches based on computational‐fluid‐dynamics‐ and coarse‐grained‐molecular‐dynamics‐based on the need as well as the complexity involved. The important aspects such as accuracy, computational cost, advantages, and limitations for both these approaches are discussed that will help the readers to select an appropriate technique in the modelling paradigm to reduce the energy consumption in the dispersion process.

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Atomic‐Scale Observation of LiFePO₄ and LiCoO₂ Dissolution Behavior in Aqueous Solutions

Byeon

Bae

Chung

et al. 2018

Adv Funct Materials

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Understanding the atomic structure variation at the surface of electrode materials in contact with an electrolyte is an essential step toward achieving better electrochemical performance of rechargeable cells. Different types of water‐based aqueous solutions are suggested as alternative electrolytes to the currently used flammable organic solvents in Li‐ion batteries. However, most research on aqueous rechargeable Li‐ion cells has largely focused on the synthetic processing of materials and resulting electrochemical properties rather than in‐depth atomic‐level observation on the electrode surface where the initial charge transfer and the (de)intercalation reaction take place. By using LiFePO4 and LiCoO2 single crystals, serious P and Co dissolution from LiFePO4 and LiCoO2 into aqueous solutions without any electrochemical cycling is identified. Furthermore, both strong temperature‐dependent behavior of P dissolution in LiFePO4 and very unusual occupancy of Co in the tetrahedral interstices in LiCoO2 are directly demonstrated via atomic‐scale (scanning) transmission electron microscopy. Ab initio density functional theory calculations also reveal that this tetrahedral‐site occupation is stabilized when cation vacancies are simultaneously present in both Li and Co sites. The findings in this work emphasize the significance of direct observation on the atomic structure variation and local stability of the cathode materials.

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Is LiFePO[sub 4] Stable in Water?

Cited by 110 publications

References 19 publications

Enhancing Cycle Stability of Lithium Iron Phosphate in Aqueous Electrolytes by Increasing Electrolyte Molarity

Enhancing Cycle Stability of Lithium Iron Phosphate in Aqueous Electrolytes by Increasing Electrolyte Molarity

Modelling Approaches of the Dispersion Process for Conductive Slurries in Chemical Process Industries

Atomic‐Scale Observation of LiFePO₄ and LiCoO₂ Dissolution Behavior in Aqueous Solutions

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Is LiFePO[sub 4] Stable in Water?

Cited by 110 publications

References 19 publications

Enhancing Cycle Stability of Lithium Iron Phosphate in Aqueous Electrolytes by Increasing Electrolyte Molarity

Enhancing Cycle Stability of Lithium Iron Phosphate in Aqueous Electrolytes by Increasing Electrolyte Molarity

Modelling Approaches of the Dispersion Process for Conductive Slurries in Chemical Process Industries

Atomic‐Scale Observation of LiFePO4 and LiCoO2 Dissolution Behavior in Aqueous Solutions

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Atomic‐Scale Observation of LiFePO₄ and LiCoO₂ Dissolution Behavior in Aqueous Solutions