“…Although the adoption of ORCID as a PID for unique author identification is becoming increasingly common (Haak et al, 2012), there are several challenges that researchers face when working with ORCID as a data source for scientometric studies. For example, there is a significant lack of adoption and completeness in ORCID records that varies across disciplines (Fernández-Marcial et al, 2023), the hard sciences tend to lead in adoption and completeness, in contrast to the social sciences, arts, and humanities (Boudry & Durand-Barthez, 2020;Bordons et al, 2024), and also across countries which leads to biases in coverage (Youtie et al, 2017). Previous studies have identified quality data issues such as empty records, problems with homonyms, sections with outdated data, multiple profiles for the same author (Heusse & Cabanac, 2022;Wang et al, 2024); the occurrence of duplicate and fake profiles Teixeira da Silva, 2021a;2021c), the creation of profiles by personnel not directly linked to research (Heusse & Cabanac, 2022), regular update of profiles (Costas et al, 2022), misidentification of authors and their associated institutions (Martínez-Méndez & Lopez-Carreño, 2019), the creation of "silent" or 'ghost' profiles (Teixeira da Silva, 2021a;Wang et al, 2024) and the limitations in data verification (Wang et al, 2024).…”