Is the quality of drinking water a risk factor for self-reported forearm fractures? Cohort of Norway

Abstract

Our findings indicate a higher risk of fracture when consuming water of an acidic pH; however, the risk does not only seem to be due to the acidity level per se, but also to other aspects of water quality associated with pH.

Nationwide data on municipal drinking water and hip fracture: Could calcium and magnesium be protective? A NOREPOS study

“…The association between pH and risk of hip fracture was attenuated in both genders when adjusting for calcium and magnesium, which confirms our previous findings [9], that pH level of drinking water is most likely an indicator of other important aspects of the water quality (such as the concentration of calcium and/or magnesium) and that the water-acidity level in itself may be of little significance to bone health.…”

“…Tap water is the main source for drinking water in Norway. In a previous study, Norwegians were found to have consumed only 18 l of bottled water per capita between 1994 and 2003 [9], however some individuals may consume more bottled water if the tap water is considered of less adequate quality. In addition, dietary intakes of calcium, magnesium and vitamin D, vitamin D exposure, socioeconomic factors, and lifestyle factors including tobacco use and alcohol intake will vary between individuals.…”

“…These variations could reflect differences in several underlying risk factors, such as ethnicity, body mass index, vitamin D and sun exposure, smoking patterns, physical activity and medication use [1,7,8]. Although the cause of the discrepancy is most likely multifactorial, it is plausible that environmental factors may play a role [6,8].We have previously reported that variations in drinking water quality across Norway, in particular a higher acidity level (lower pH) in urban compared to rural areas, may be related to self-reported fractures of the forearm [9]. The pH level is generally positively correlated with the concentrations of calcium and magnesium in the water.…”

“…We have previously reported that variations in drinking water quality across Norway, in particular a higher acidity level (lower pH) in urban compared to rural areas, may be related to self-reported fractures of the forearm [9]. The pH level is generally positively correlated with the concentrations of calcium and magnesium in the water.…”

Population data on calcium in drinking water and hip fracture: An association may depend on other minerals in water. A NOREPOS 1 1Norwegian Epidemiologic Osteoporosis Studies. study

“…Copper-supplementation by itself has been reported to be beneficially associated with bone health. Eaton-Evans et al [17] reported a reduced rate of vertebral trabecular BMD loss over a 2 year period in middle-aged women (45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56) A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T…”