Is The Reproductive Performance of Goats That are Kept Intensively Different from those Maintained by Small Farmer? A Review

Abstract

Reproduction in most important factor determining the effectivity of the goat farming trough the success of increasing number of animal in the herd or population. Reproduction performance is the phenotypic trait and those more influenced by management factor than by genetic factor. However, the Indonesian local goat was reported having high adaptability and tolerance to the tropical climate with high environmental daily temperature and humidity, low quality feed and some parasites. This paper reviews the reproduction performances of local goats under intensive management in the company and when those kept by small holder farmers. The data analysis showed that the reproductive parameters in intensively were higher than those of managed by small farmers (Service per Conception, litter size, pre-weaning mortality, and birth weight), the weaning weight were similar in both groups, while Days Open and Kidding Interval were significant lower in intensive farming than those maintained by small farmers as well as extensive farming. In conclusion, the reproduction performances that were controlled by good management system, good feeding and management will improve service per conception, litter size, birth weight, and reduced pre-weaning mortality, while on the other hands, the extensive farming increased the performances of days open and kidding interval time.

The Reproduction Performance in Domestic Animals Controlled by Genetic Mechanism: A Review

“…In small ruminant, such as goat and sheep, the indicator of efficient reproduction performances includes litter size, birth weight, ratio male:female kids and weaning weight for both male and female kids are normally important considered [22,23].This is because the small ruminant has the prolific type that possible to produce multiple kids per birth. The success to produce higher litter size and healthy kids at partus are the beneficial for the farmers [22].…”

“…However, the goat reared under farmer condition showed similar reproductive performances to those under intensive condition either in company or government's goat farming. This might be the goat were fed under optimum standard of quantity and quality in both management types [23].…”

“…The influence of hormones is then expressed in the reproductive or sexual behavior [3], and phenotypic reproductive performances such as the first calving or kidding [4], service per conception, days open, calving interval or kidding interval, fertility index and reproduction index [5,6,7]. In male, the influence of hormone is expressed for sexual behavior and semen production, scrotal circumference and semen production [8].…”

Reproductive Performance of Kacang Goats in Closed Population Areas of Sidoarjo Regency, East Java, Indonesia

“…This is in accordance with Zhang et al (2009) that the increase in the reproductive performance of the doe at parity 2, 3 and 4 is due the condition of doe's reproductive organs that mature with age. Some contributing factors to ideal kidding interval of mature does are the interval between the emergence of first estrous and pregnancy, mating failure, embryo death, environment condition, breed and rearing system (Parasmawati et al, 2013;Suyadi et al, 2020)…”

Conception Rate of the Madura Cattle in the Special Artificial Insemination Program (SIWAB) in Waru Sub-district, Pamekasan Regency

“…Koivisto [9] stated season can affect the semen quality more than 2%. The studies were mostly reported about identification of reproductive performance including sperm quality as factors of AI succession [10,11,12]. Unfortunately, the effect of bulls and seasons on pregnancy status of dams in AI program were rarely reported.…”