Is There a Career Penalty for Mothers' Time Out? A Comparison of Germany, Sweden and the United States

Unemployment scarring by gender: Human capital depreciation or stigmatization? Longitudinal evidence from the Netherlands, 1980–2000

“…We show that amongst women, unemployment scarring is highest after the first unemployment instance and less pronounced in the subsequent interruptions while for men scarring varies over the course of unemployment repetitions and its duration. An explanation for the distinct pattern of scarring among women may relate to the fact that women are more likely to change or switch into more 'motherhood-friendly' sectors after the first job interruption (Aisenbrey et al, 2009;Datta Gupta and Smith, 2002;Engelbrech, 1997). Consequently, the costs of foregone skills and benefits are highest after the first job interruption and less pronounced in the subsequent interruptions when women are more established in the 'motherhood-friendly' sectors.…”

“…Secondly, and related to this is the fact that longer and more frequent spells of unemployment increase the risk of switching into jobs that are located in other industries or sectors than those predating unemployment. From existing studies, we know that women have higher risks of settling for jobs in other sectors or taking up lower positioned jobs after a job interruption compared to men (Aisenbrey et al, 2009;Engelbrech, 1997). We also know that effects of unemployment scarring are short-lived with re-employment in occupations, sectors or industries that are similar to that before unemployment (DiPrete, 1981) and long-lasting when re-employment is located in jobs outside of the worker's discipline or sector (Kuhn, 2002;Mühleisen and Zimmermann, 1994;Stewart, 2007).…”

Towards an integrated approach for the analysis of gender equity in policies supporting paid work and care responsibilities

“…With regard to the first goal, previous studies have found the provision of parental leave to be decisive, but with contrasting impacts (Aisenbrey, Evertsson, and Grunow 2009;Bird 2003). Both "too long" and "too short" periods of leave have been identified as disincentivising mothers from remaining in the labour market (e.g.…”

Retrenchments in Unemployment Insurance Benefits and Wage Inequality: Longitudinal Evidence from the Netherlands, 1985-2000

“…By creating a 'sheltered' labour market for women, the state produces and reinforces less favourable labour market outcomes for women, which in turn strengthens their power and role in the household, dependency on the male breadwinner and the traditional sex-segregation of market-family responsibilities (Sorensen and McLanahan, 1987). The support of the state to allow women to work part-time and take extended care leaves preserves their role as mothers bound to the household and impedes any serious possibility for women to compete equally with men in the labour market (Blossfeld and Hakim, 1997;Aisenbrey et al, 2009). This mechanism is highly salient in the Dutch context, which is often characterized as a 'male-breadwinner' model (i.e.…”

“…An implication is that women's patchwork employment histories make them less likely to meet the more stringent eligibility criteria for UI benefits that are based on past employment and wage history (Hobson, 1990;Evertsson et al, 2009). In the current study, we extend the literature by arguing that by introducing UI retrenchments that do not recognize the often fragmented career paths of women, women are more likely to become ineligible for UI benefits or if they are deemed eligible, only for an inferior (short-term) benefit.…”