Is tracing or copying better when learning to reproduce a pattern?

Gonzalez, Claudia; Anderson, Jared R.; Culmer, Peter; Burke, Melanie Rose; Mon-Williams, Mark; Wilkie, Richard M.

doi:10.1007/s00221-010-2482-1

Cited by 18 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Furthermore, in this study, the improvement was found especially in the young group. A prior study on learning to draw indicated that the copying group achieved a higher score when asked to reproduce a figure after a short period; however, no significant score difference was observed after a long period [7]; these results are consistent with those of this study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Utility of Tracing as a Memory Storage Method

Tsutsui¹,

Notoya²,

Kimura³

et al. 2017

WJNS

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Although many studies have explored the utility of tracing as a rehabilitation approach for patients with aphasia and alexia and for Japanese patients with various disabilities, this may be the first study to demonstrate the superiority of tracing over copying for enhancing long-term memory. We investigated the utility of tracing as a memory storage method. Young and elderly participants learned a figure from the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test by copying or tracing its outline. They were asked to reproduce the figure after 3 min and 3 days. Although the copying group performed better than the tracing group in immediate recall after 3 min, the performance of the tracing and copying groups after 3 days was similar. Among younger participants, the tracing group achieved higher scores than the copying group after 3 days; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Copying as a learning strategy has a substantial temporal gradient of memory loss; tracing may be more appropriate for improving long-term memory. This result could have considerable practical usefulness, e.g., among professionals who provide memory training for the elderly. Tracing, which uses visuomotor memory, is acquired earlier than transcription. Tracing may be effective for rehabilitation because it is a developmentally appropriate approach to early instruction.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Utility of Tracing as a Memory Storage Method

Tsutsui¹,

Notoya²,

Kimura³

et al. 2017

WJNS

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“…The results from this study illuminate a question posed by Gonzalez, et al (2011) on whether copying or tracing produces better learning outcomes. Gonzalez predicted that a longer training period would improve performance for copying, but also impair performance for tracing, due to the repeated use of the same stimulus.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

The Role of Chunking in Drawing Rey Complex Figure

Obaidellah

Cheng

2015

Percept Mot Skills

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The study investigated the effects of chunking and perceptual patterns that guide the drawings of Rey complex figure. Ten adult participants (M age = 22.2 yr., SD = 4.1) reproduced a single stimulus in four drawing modes including delayed recall, tracing, copying, and immediate recall across 10 sessions producing a total of 400 trials. It was hypothesized that the effect of chunking is most obvious in the free recall tasks than in the tracing or copying tasks. Measures such as pauses, patterns of drawings, and transitions among patterns of drawings suggested that participants used chunking to aid rapid learning of the diagram. The analysis of the participants' sequence of chunk production further revealed that they used a spatial schema to organize the chunks. Findings from this study provide additional evidence to support prior studies that claim graphical information is hierarchically organized.

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“…Studies have aimed to investigate whether tracing or copying differentially improved learning; it was concluded that the tracing group exhibited superior performance. However, there was no evidence of increased rates of learning as there was no interaction between the two tests (Gonzalez et al 2011). The current study sought to investigate this through the use of two complex tasks; previous work has often indicated the need to increase the complexity of the tasks whether it is from a lack of change in neurophysiological measures or from lack of improvement in behavioral measures.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Sequence learning tasks have been used extensively to study motor learning; within the realm of sequence learning, the domains of explicit sequences to copy or pursuit movements to follow or trace are commonly utilized. It, however, remains unclear as to whether tracing or copying provides the better training as there has been no interaction between the two tests (Gonzalez et al 2011).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Do pursuit movement tasks lead to differential changes in early somatosensory evoked potentials related to motor learning compared with typing tasks?

Andrew

Yielder

Murphy

2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Andrew D, Yielder P, Murphy B. Do pursuit movement tasks lead to differential changes in early somatosensory evoked potentials related to motor learning compared with typing tasks ? J Neurophysiol 113: 1156 -1164, 2015. First published November 26, 2014 doi:10.1152/jn.00713.2014.-Central nervous system (CNS) plasticity is essential for development; however, recent research has demonstrated its role in pathology, particularly following overuse and repetition. Previous studies investigating changes in sensorimotor integration (SMI) have used relatively simple paradigms resulting in minimal changes in neural activity, as determined through the use of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs). This study sought to utilize complex tasks and compare separate motor paradigms to determine which one best facilitates long-term learning. Spinal, brainstem, and cortical SEPs were recorded following median nerve stimulation at the wrist pre-and postinterventions. Eighteen participants performed the same paradigms, a control condition of 10 min of mental recitation and two interventions, one consisting of 10 min of tracing and the other 10 min of repetitive typing. Significant increases in the N13, N20, P25, and N30 SEP peaks were seen for both interventions. A significant decrease in the N24 SEP peak was observed for both interventions. Significant improvements in accuracy were seen for both interventions postacquisition but only for tracing during retention. The changes seen following motor learning were congruent with those associated with long-term learning, which was also reflected by significant increases in accuracy during retention. Tracing or the pursuit movement paradigm was shown to be a more effective learning tool. The identification of a task that is sufficiently novel and complex, leading to robust changes in SEP peaks, indicates a task that can be utilized in future work to study clinical populations and the effect of experimental interventions on SMI.

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Is tracing or copying better when learning to reproduce a pattern?

Cited by 18 publications

References 17 publications

Utility of Tracing as a Memory Storage Method

Utility of Tracing as a Memory Storage Method

The Role of Chunking in Drawing Rey Complex Figure

Do pursuit movement tasks lead to differential changes in early somatosensory evoked potentials related to motor learning compared with typing tasks?

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