Isolated branched-chain amino acid intake and muscle protein synthesis in humans: a biochemical review

Santos, Carina De Sousa; Nascimento, Fabrício Expedito Lopes

doi:10.31744/einstein_journal/2019rb4898

Cited by 27 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In the present study, nutritional status, including BCAA metabolism, may have been at baseline without any immediate influence in the athletes and the controls who did not exercise, eat meals or BCAA supplements for 12 h before sample collection. However, another study found that resistance physical exercise prolongs muscle protein synthesis stimulation approximately 24 h post-workout [32]. An assessment of the relationship between amino acid imbalances and skeletal muscle mass in athletes under a longer period than 24 h without exercise before sample collections will prove the validity of the present results.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

Significance of serum branched-chain amino acid to tyrosine ratio measurement in athletes with high skeletal muscle mass

Tsunekawa

Matsumoto

Ushiki

et al. 2021

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

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Background Few nutritional markers reflect the hypermetabolic state of athletes with high levels of skeletal muscle. Although branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) play crucial roles in protein metabolism in skeletal muscle, the relationship between skeletal muscle mass and amino acid imbalances caused by the metabolism of BCAA and aromatic amino acids remains unclear. The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that athletes with high levels of skeletal muscle mass have plasma amino acid imbalances, assessed by serum BCAA to tyrosine ratio (BTR) which can be measured conveniently. Methods The study enrolled 111 young Japanese men: 70 wrestling athletes and 41 controls. None of them were under any medications, extreme dietary restrictions or intense exercise regimens. Each participant’s body composition, serum concentrations of albumin and rapid turnover proteins including transthyretin and transferrin, BTR, and thyroid function were assessed. Results Compared to the controls, the athletes had significantly higher skeletal muscle index (SMI) (p < 0.001), and lower serum albumin concentration (p < 0.001) and BTR (p < 0.001). Kruskal–Wallis tests showed that serum albumin concentration and BTR were significantly lower in the participants with higher SMI. Serum albumin concentration and BTR were inversely correlated with SMI by multiple regression analysis (logarithmic albumin, β = − 0.358, p < 0.001; BTR, β = − 0.299, p = 0.001). SMI was inversely and transthyretin was positively correlated with serum albumin (SMI, β = − 0.554, p < 0.001; transthyretin, β = 0.379, p < 0.001). Serum concentration of free 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (FT3) was inversely correlated with BTR, and, along with SMI and albumin, was independent predictor of BTR (SMI, β = − 0.321, p < 0.001; FT3, β = − 0.253, p = 0.001; logarithmic albumin, β = 0.261, p = 0.003). However, FT3 was not correlated with SMI or serum albumin. Serum concentrations of rapid turnover proteins were not correlated with BTR. Conclusions Increased skeletal muscle mass enhances the circulating amino acid imbalances, and is independently facilitated by thyroid hormones. Serum BTR may be a useful biomarker to assess the hypermetabolic state of wrestling athletes with high levels of skeletal muscle.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

Significance of serum branched-chain amino acid to tyrosine ratio measurement in athletes with high skeletal muscle mass

Tsunekawa

Matsumoto

Ushiki

et al. 2021

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

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“…At this time, supplementing branched-chain amino acids can save muscle glycogen, make the energy source of skeletal muscle to last, and increase muscle endurance. 99 , 100 …”

Section: The Potential Role Of Gut Microbiota In Gut-muscle Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Narrative Review of Gut-Muscle Axis and Sarcopenia: The Potential Role of Gut Microbiota

Zhao¹,

Huang²,

Yu³

2021

IJGM

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Sarcopenia is a multifactorial disease related to aging, chronic inflammation, insufficient nutrition, and physical inactivity. Previous studies have suggested that there is a relationship between sarcopenia and gut microbiota,namely, the gut-muscle axis. The present review highlights that the gut microbiota can affect muscle mass and muscle function from inflammation and immunity,substance and energy metabolism, endocrine and insulin sensitivity, etc., directly or indirectly establishing a connection with sarcopenia, thereby realizing the “gut-muscle axis”.

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“…One of the main pathway by which the loss of muscle mass contributes to the appearance or the progression of other diseases is the alteration of protein turnover and metabolism in the skeletal muscle tissue [9,10]. In addition, other factors such as the reduced anabolic response to protein feeding during aging [11,12], contributes to the loss of muscle mass in individuals with sarcopenia. Confirming this, metabolic studies showed that older individuals aged 65 years and over require approximately 2% more protein intake per meal to maximize muscle protein synthesis [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most randomized placebo controlled trials (RCTs) have included interventions using whey protein as a supplement, because these contain large amounts of leucine (approximately 13 g leucine/100 g protein [13]). However, scientific evidence regarding the effect of leucine alone in sarcopenia is very scarce [11,[14][15][16]. We performed an RCT in order to ascertain whether the administration of leucine alone is effective in the treatment of sarcopenia and respiratory muscle function in older institutionalized individuals, a subgroup of older individuals with huge amount of comorbidity who are seldom evaluated in RCTs using leucine supplementation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Leucine Administration in Sarcopenia: A Randomized and Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial

et al. 2020

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Treating sarcopenia in older individuals remains a challenge, and nutritional interventions present promising approaches in individuals that perform limited physical exercise. We assessed the efficacy of leucine administration to evaluate whether the regular intake of this essential amino acid can improve muscle mass, muscle strength and functional performance and respiratory muscle function in institutionalized older individuals. The study was a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind design in fifty participants aged 65 and over (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03831399). The participants were randomized to a parallel group intervention of 13 weeks’ duration with a daily intake of leucine (6 g/day) or placebo (lactose, 6 g/day). The primary outcome was to study the effect on sarcopenia and respiratory muscle function. The secondary outcomes were changes in the geriatric evaluation scales, such as cognitive function, functional impairment and nutritional assessments. We also evaluated whether leucine administration alters blood analytical parameters and inflammatory markers. Administration of leucine was well-tolerated and significantly improves some criteria of sarcopenia in elderly individuals such as functional performance measured by walking time (p = 0.011), and improved lean mass index. For respiratory muscle function, the leucine-treated group improved significantly (p = 0.026) in maximum static expiratory force compared to the placebo. No significant effects on functional impairment, cognitive function or nutritional assessment, inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-alpha were observed after leucine administration compared to the placebo. The use of l-leucine supplementation can have some beneficial effects on sarcopenia and could be considered for the treatment of sarcopenia in older individuals.

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Isolated branched-chain amino acid intake and muscle protein synthesis in humans: a biochemical review

Cited by 27 publications

References 28 publications

Significance of serum branched-chain amino acid to tyrosine ratio measurement in athletes with high skeletal muscle mass

Significance of serum branched-chain amino acid to tyrosine ratio measurement in athletes with high skeletal muscle mass

A Narrative Review of Gut-Muscle Axis and Sarcopenia: The Potential Role of Gut Microbiota

Effects of Leucine Administration in Sarcopenia: A Randomized and Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial

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