Isolation and characterization of adenoviruses infecting endangered golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana)

Abstract

BackgroundAdenoviruses are important pathogens with the potential for interspecies transmission between humans and non-human primates. Although many adenoviruses have been identified in monkeys, the knowledge of these viruses from the Colobinae members is quite limited.FindingsWe conducted a surveillance of viral infection in endangered golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in the subfamily Colobinae in China, and found that 5.1% of sampled individuals were positive for adenovirus. One of the adenoviruses (SAdV-WIV19) was successfully isolated and its full-length genome was sequenced. The full-length genome of WIV19 is 33,562 bp in size, has a G + C content of 56.2%, and encodes 35 putative genes. Sequence analysis revealed that this virus represents a novel species in the genus Mastadenovirus. Diverse cell lines, including those of human origin, were susceptible to WIV19.ConclusionWe report the first time the isolation and full-length genomic characterization of an adenovirus from the subfamily Colobinae.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0648-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Adenoviruses of the most ancient primate lineages support the theory on virus−host co-evolution

“…Interestingly, an OWM SAdV (WIV19) from golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) clustered with the newly detected NWM AdVs. The original report on SAdV-WIV19 pointed out that the virus represents a distinct branch separated from all the other OWM AdVs (Tan et al, 2016), which can indicate that either this virus has another host origin, or it could be an intermediate between OWM and NWM AdVs. However, all phylogenetic analyses from the previous studies based on other genes placed this AdV closer to OWM AdVs than to the only fully sequenced NWM AdV, TMAdV (Tan et al, 2016).…”

“…The original report on SAdV-WIV19 pointed out that the virus represents a distinct branch separated from all the other OWM AdVs (Tan et al, 2016), which can indicate that either this virus has another host origin, or it could be an intermediate between OWM and NWM AdVs. However, all phylogenetic analyses from the previous studies based on other genes placed this AdV closer to OWM AdVs than to the only fully sequenced NWM AdV, TMAdV (Tan et al, 2016). Consequently, the results of our phylogenetic analysis, based on partial IVa2 protein sequence, prompted us to screen this gene for possible homologous recombination(s) between SAdV-WIV19 and two other closely related OWM AdVs, as well as NWM TMAdV.…”

“…Although from the representatives of different species of the infraorder Simiiformes more than 150 AdV types are known (https://sites.google.com/site/adenoseq), only very limited, or no information is available regarding the AdVs belonging to the more ancient primates (NWMs and prosimians). Currently, seven human AdV (HAdV) species and nine OWM AdV species (Simian mastadenovirus A to I) are officially recognised (Kovács et al, 2004;Jones et al, 2007;Roy et al, 2012;Chiu et al, 2013;Malouli et al, 2014;Pantó et al, 2015;Podgorski et al, 2016;Tan et al, 2016). Very recently, the first AdV species was established for a NWM AdV, Platyrrhini mastadenovirus A (Adams et al, 2017).…”

A framework for testing the impact of co-infections on host gut microbiomes

“…Non-human primates pose a significant zoonotic risk to humans owing to a more recent, shared evolutionary past [82] and an overlap in habitats following increased human encroachment [83][84][85]. Zoonotic Adenoviruses (AdVs), for instance, which can cause diarrhoea and mild to severe diseases in humans and other primates [86], originate more often than expected from primates [62]. Similarly, 20% of primate-borne helminths, although much more host specific, are estimated to also infect humans [87].…”

Adenovirus infection in savanna chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Issa Valley, Tanzania

“…Adenoviruses are non-enveloped icosahedral dsDNA viruses; all simian and human AdVs belong to the genus Mastadenovirus (family Adenoviridae), including seven species of Human mastadenovirus (HAdV-A to -G), and in the 2016 release of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) taxonomy, also eight species of Simian mastadenovirus (SAdV-A to -H), and many unassigned species. Recently, several other new AdV species from primate hosts were proposed [8][9][10], however, these have not yet been adopted by the ICTV. In wild chimpanzees HAdV-A to -F and SAdV-A have been identified [11], but all available whole genome sequences originate from cell cultures or captive animals [12,13].…”